






Class __71&^L 
Book. J2.2 



Copyright^ . 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 






RAILROAD STRUCTURES 
AND ESTIMATES 



BY 

J. W. ORROCK, C.E. 

■ * i 

STRUCTURAL ENGINEER 



FIRST EDITION 

FIRST THOUSAND 



NEW YORK 

JOHN WILEY & SONS 

London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 

1909 



A 



COFTSIfflT, 1909. 

BY 

j. w. ore : 



=:r\::rc fTt=2 

F. H. BtLSOl COMPANY 
BOSTOK - S A 



uBRARYcf COWERS 
One Coo> Hecened 

APR - ^°* 

3*«wiif"« Efltn. 
3 

taL 3 5 5 5 



PEEFACE. 

Under the title of Railroad Structures and _ Estimates, the 
intention is to cover in brief and concise form, the numerous 
subjects that enter into the Engineer's Estimates of Railroad 
Building; for the purpose of ready reference, as to general construc- 
tion and cost, on a business rather than a technical basis. 

As it is impossible to give data to suit all conditions, the weights, 
quantities, and cost, are given in detail in most instances, and may 
be varied as desired. 

The author is indebted to H. M. Mackay, Professor of Civil 
Engineering, McGill University, for a number of suggestions 
embodied in the manuscript, and to J. G. Sullivan, Assistant 
Chief Engineer, for permission to use C. P. Ry. Illustrations. 



in 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I. 
TRACK MATERIAL. 

PAGE 

Approximate Quantities and Cost of Rails — Splices — Bolts and Nuts — 
Spikes — Ties — Ballasting — Surfacing — Track Laying — Tie Plates — 
Summary Track Material above Subgrade — Grading — Overhaul — 
Tile Drains — Cross- waying — Clearing — Trees — Grubbing — Switches — 
Frogs — Stands — Lamps, etc 3-25 



CHAPTER II. 

FENCES, GATES, SIGN POSTS, ROAD CROSSINGS AND GUARDS. 

Approximate Quantities and Cost of Wire Fence — Picket Fence — Snow 
Fence — Safety Crossing Gates — Farm Crossing Gates — Sign Boards 
and Posts — Bridge Warnings — Mail Cranes — Road Crossings — Over- 
head Farm Crossings — Cattle Guards, etc 26-42 

CHAPTER III. 

CULVERTS. 

Approximate Quantities and Cost of Tile Pipe Culverts — Concrete Pipe 
Culverts, Mortar Joints — Cast Iron Pipe Culverts — Lead and Yarn 
Joints — Concrete Arch Culverts — Rail Concrete Culverts — Stone and 
Wooden Box Culverts 43-52 

CHAPTER IV. 

BRIDGES. 

Approximate Quantities and Cost of Deck Plate Girders— Half Deck 
Plate Girders — Deck and Through Trusses — Drawbridges — Abut- 
ments — Piers — Timber Trestles — Steel Trestles — Howe Trusses — 
Subways — Overhead Crossings — Bridge Guards — Retaining Walls — 
Cribs — Tunnels, etc 53-86 



Vl TABLE OF CONTEXTS. 

CHAPTER V. 
BUILDINGS. 



face 



Approximate Estimate and Cost of Tool Houses — Watchman's Shanty — 
Section Houses — Privies — Stations — Station Furniture — Platforms — 
Freight Sheds — Teamways — Engine Houses — Boiler Houses — Store- 
houses — Oil Houses — Ice Houses — Ice Making — Cold Storage — Coal- 
ing Stations — Ash Pits — Sand Houses — Track Scales — Stock Yards — 
Snow Sheds — Turntables, etc 87-173 



CHAPTER VL 

WATER STATIONS. 

Approximate Estimate and Cost of Pumps — Boilers — Service Pipes — 
Pump House — Tanks — Standpipes — Dams — Track Tanks, etc. . . . 174-206 



CHAPTER VII. 

SHOPS. 

Approximate Estimate and Cost of Blacksmith — Cabinet — Car Machine 
— Car Truck — Dry Kiln — Foundry — Freight Car — Frog and Switch — 
Locomotive — Boiler — Machine — Passenger Car — Planing Mill — Power 
House — Stores, etc 207 -218 



CHAPTER VIII. 

SPECIFICATIONS AND CONTRACTS. 

Instructions Regarding Specifications — Forms — Proposals — Contracts. 
Plans, and Estimates 219-248 



CHAPTER IX. 

ESTIMATING NOTES. 

Excavation — Masonry — Piling — Riprapping — Paving — Brickwork — 
Steel and Iron Work — Steel and Concrete — Paint — Timber — Carpen- 
try— Roofing— Plaster etc 249-262 



KAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES 



CHAPTER I. 

TRACK MATERIAL. 

Rail. 

The standard rail section recommended by the American Society 
of Civil Engineers is now generally used, manufactured mostly by 
the Bessemer Steel Process. Delivered in 33-foot lengths, ends 
sawed square and bolt holes for splice connections accurately drilled. 
A small percentage in shorter lengths is generally accepted; the 
best rails are usually termed No. 1, and those not of the best No. 2. 
No. 1 rail only, is used in main line or fast running track. 

Rails are bought and paid for on the actual weight, and are 
usually quoted in gross tons (2240 pounds) and weight per yard 
(3 lineal feet). 

General Chemical Composition. 

Carbon 0.45 to 0.65 per cent. 

Phosphorus 0.06 to 0.85 per cent. 

Silicon 0.10 to 0.20 per cent. 

Manganese 0.75 to 1.05 per cent. 

Sulphur 0.03 to 0.07 per cent. 

General Physical Properties. 

Elastic limit 55,000 to 65,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Ultimate strength 110,000 to 120,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elongation 12 to 15 per cent. (8 or 10 in.) 

Modulus of elasticity 29,000,000 to 30,000,000 lbs. 

One mile of single track requires: 

10,560 lineal feet, or 3520 yards. 
352 rails if 30 feet long. 
320 rails if 33 feet long. 
3 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



To find the number of gross tons of rail required for one mile 
of single track, divide the weight per yard by 7 and multiply by 1 1. 

Example. — For 70 pounds rail, (70 -^ 7) X 11 = 110 tons per 
mile. , . 

H-Head-*| 







H^-Easeor-Flange M 

Fig. 1. Rail Section. 



TABLE 1. 



QUANTITY AND APPROXIMATE COST OF RAILS PER MILE, 
SINGLE TRACK. 



Rail dimensions. 


•d 

t-i 
0) 

ft 
bo 

1 


a 
o 

S3 

a 

& 
o 

1-1 

o 


o 
c§ 

fc-l 
-U 

o 
o 

I— 1 

(I 
<U 

ft 

m 

a 
o 
H 


>-, 
a> 

d. 

£Z 

org 

(N C 

C 
O 

H 


Material only F. O. B. 
cars.* 


i 

O 

a 3 
S3 

a 

Ol 
0Q 


4-» 

J3 
'55 

w 


5 

In. 
4* 

41 

4^ 
4| 
4M 
5 

5^ 
5| 
5A 
5f 


T3 

w 

In. 
2i 

2| 

2M 

"16 

2M 
2i 

2& 
2f 

2J-1 

2| 


X) 

1 

In. 

1 

31 

^? 

J 

33 

H 

35 

_9_ 
16 


s a 

$ w 

a «# . 

*^ c 

o .2 


— . 0) 

■^ ft 

s 

o «a^ 


a a 

ft tt . 

~> c 

6 *~ 


6 


In. 
41 

4i 

4A 
4f 
4H 
5 

5A 
5| 

5! 


56 
60 
65 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 
95 
100 


60.00 
56.00 
51.69 
48.00 
44.80 
42.00 
39.53 
37.33 
35.37 
33.60 


1.67 
1.79 
1.94 
2.09 
2.24 
2.38 
2.53 
2.68 
2.83 
2.99 


88.00 
94.29 
102.12 
110.00 
117.86 
125.71 
133.57 
141.43 
149 29 
157.14 


Dol. 

2728 

2923 
3166 
3410 
3654 
3897 
4141 
4384 
4628 
4871 


Dol. 


Dol. 


6 7 






7 4 






8 2 






9 3 






10 






11 






12 






13 3 






14 6 













Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13. 
* Price for track rails F. O. B. Chicago, 1908 delivery, $28.00 per gross ton. 
Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 5 

Splices. 

Fish plates, angle bars and special fastenings for connecting the 
rails at joints, are made in a variety of designs; the ordinary kind 
in common use are the four and six hole angle bars; usually quoted 
in gross tons (2240 pounds). 

The short four-hole angle bar suspended rail joint only will be 
considered, as this is generally the most acceptable splice in service. 

Material. 
High-carbon steel open hearth or basic open hearth. 

Average Chemical Composition. 

Carbon not to exceed 0.15 per cent. 

Phosphorus not to exceed 0.10 per cent. 

Manganese not to exceed 0.40 to 0.60 per cent. 




Fig. 2. Rail Splice. 



Average Physical Properties. 

Ultimate strength 60,000 to 90,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elastic strength 30,000 to 45,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elongation in 8 inches not less than 25 per cent. 
Reduction in area not less than 30 per cent. 

One Mile Single Track Requires 

352 pairs angle bars for 30-foot rails. 
320 pairs angle bars for 33-foot rails. 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 2. — QUANTITY AND APPROXIMATE COST 4-HOLE ANGLE BAR 
RAIL JOINTS PER MILE, SINGLE TRACK. 





oa 

s— i 




— ' 

eg 
■— 

> 

Lbs. 
30 

33 

36 

42 

45 

49 

53 

61 

66 

71 


30-ft. rail lengths. 


33-ft. rail lengths. 




3 

i- 

«-• 

I 

- 


o 

— s 
<— 

- ; 
= | 

Z ~ 
— 

ED 


Material only . 
F. O. B. cars.* 


~Z 
3 

— 

— 

o 
ffl 

E 

— 


*4 

o 

— 

■A 


Material only 
F. O. B. ears.* 


s 

u 

c 

— 
u 

« 


— ■ 

z ~ 

*3 — 
00 _i ^ 


- a 
t ; jd 

«a t- 
2 -r X 


- ■/. 

r t- . 

— cs — 

.^ — 


g o 

—3 L. 

ii -* x 


Lbs. 
56 


In. 
24 

24 

24 

26 

26 

26 

26 

28 

28 

28 


10560 
11616 
12670 
14784 
15840 
17248 
18656 
21472 
23232 
24992 


200 
220 
240 
280 
300 
327 
354 
407 
440 
474 


Dol. 
212 

233 

254 

296 

317 

345 

374 

430 

465 

500 


Dol. 


9600 
10560 
11520 
13440 
14400 
15680 
16900 
19520 
21120 
22720 


182 
200 
218 
255 
273 
297 
320 
370 
400 
430 


Dol. 
192 

212 

231 

269 

288 

314 

338 

391 

423 

455 


Dol. 


60 






65 






70 






75 






80 






85 






90 






95 






100 







Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13. 
* Price for angle bars accompanying rail orders, F. O. B. Chicago, 1908 delivery. 
1.5 cts.; car lots. 

Bolts and Nuts. 

The ordinary rolled or cut thread shouldered track bolts are 
made of steel \ inch to 1 inch thick, in lengths to suit rails and 
fastenings used, and are generally put up in kegs of 200 and 224 
pounds in weight. The nuts are either hexagon or square. The 
Harvey grip, or other approved form of bolt, is generally used, 
requiring no nutlocks. 

Average Chemical Composition. 
Soft Bessemer steel with carbon not to exceed 0.15 per cent. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



Average Physical Properties. 

Ultimate strength 54,000 to 64,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elastic limit 27,000 to 32,000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elongation in 8 inches not less than 25 per cent. 

One Mile of Track Requires 

1408 bolts and nuts for 4-hole splice bars, 30-foot rail lengths. 
1280 bolts and nuts for 4-hole splice bars, 33-foot rail lengths. 




not less 



Fig. 3. Harvey Grip Bolt. 

TABLE 3. — QUANTITY AND APPROXIMATE COST OF BOLTS AND NUTS 

PER MILE, SINGLE TRACK. 



Bolt dimensions. 






si 



c3 



Lbs. 
56 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 



In. 

3|X| 
3|X1 

4|xl 

4s"X s 
4fXf 
4|X| 
44X1 
4 3 X 8 
41X1 



a 



si 

fcjO 



Lbs. 
1.20 

1.25 

1.25 

1.33 

1.33 

1.4 

1.4 

1.5 

1.5 

1.9 



30-ft. rail lengths. 



jx 



E o 



170 
160 
160 
150 
150 
143 
143 
134 
134 
105 



8.4 



9.4 

9.4 

9.9 

9.9 

10.6 

10.6 

13.4 



0.84 
0.88 
0.88 
0.94 
0.94 
0.99 
0.99 
1.06 
1.06 
1.34 



Material only 
F. O. B. cars.* 



^ o . 

S ** -> 

^ ^ o 



JJ 4-s 
O ci 

o 



(M 



Dol. 
63.00 

66.00 

66.00 

70.50 

70.50 

74.25 

74.25 

79.50 

79.50 

100.50 



o 



Dol. 
42 

44 

44 

47 

47 

49.50 

49.50 

53 

53 

57 



Dol. 



33-ft. rail lengths. 



7.7 
8.7 
8.7 
8.5 
8.5 
9.0 
9.0 
9.6 
9.6 
12.2 



0.77 
0.80 
0.80 
0.85 
0.85 
0.90 
0.90 
0.96 
0.96 
1.22 



Material only 
F. O. B. cars.* 



S o 



^ e» o 

8 * w 



Dol 
57.75 

60.00 

60.00 

63.75 

63.75 

67.50 

67.50 

72.00 

72.00 

91.50 



o 

U "5 



Dol. 
38.50 

40.00 

40.00 

42.50 

42.50 

45 

45 

48 

48 

61 



Dol. 



Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13 
* Price for common bolts and nuts F. O. B. Chicago, 2.15 cts. to 2.20 cts. base, square 
nuts, 2.3 cts. to 2.35 cts. base, hexagon nuts. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



8 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Spikes i,Open=H earth Steel). 

The ordinary railroad spike in general use is T \ inch square X 
5\ inches long for rails over 45 pounds per yard in weight. They 
are usually put up in boxes or kegs of 200 and 224 pounds. 

Boat spikes § inch X 8 inches are used for spiking frogs and 
switch blocking to the ties, and long track spikes 7, 8 and 9 
inches in length for shimming work. 



l*-CurYed-~< 




£2 



Fig. 4. Track Spike. 



Average Chemical Composition. 

Carbon 0.12 to 0.25 of one per cent. 

Manganese 0.50 of one per cent. 

Silicon 0.05 of one per cent. 

Phosphorus 0.04 of one per cent. 

Sulphur 0.04 of one per cent. 

Average Physical Properties. 

Ultimate strength 50.000 to 70.000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elastic limit 27.000 to 35.000 lbs. per sq. in. 

Elongation in 8 inches not less than 20 per cent. 

Reduction in area at point of fracture not less than 35 per cent. 



Tests. 

The body shall be bent, both hot and cold, through ISO 
degrees, flat on itself, without sign of fracture on the outside. 

The body shall be twisted cold one and one-half turns with- 
out sign of fracture. 

The underside of the head shall be bent backwards cold by 
one blow of a hammer into line lengthwise with the face of 
the body without sign of fracture. The same test shall be 
made when the neck is ground half through. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



TABLE 4. — QUANTITY AND APPROXIMATE COST OF SPIKES PER MILE 

SINGLE TRACK. 



3500 ties per mile. 





>-> 




CD 


© J 


6 
"5 


£6 


CD 

P< CD 


•H 




w 


3 O 


44 


(H <D "3 


CD ^ 


«M 

o 


d. <N 


f3 O. 


o a 03 

•5 «j ^ 


P. «M 


53 


Aver 
per 
keg 


'8 


1^ 


«3 


In. 




Lbs. 






4*x* 


530 


.38 


27 


104 


5X* 


490 


.40 


29 


110 


5X& 


360 


.52 


39 


148 


5*X& 


340 


.58 


42 


160 



d © 

O <M 



2.75 
2.90 
3.90 
4.20 



Material only F. O. B. cars.* 



Cost per 

mile at $56 

per ton 



Dol. 
154 

163 

219 

236 



Cost per 

mile at $40 

per ton 



Dol. 
100 

116 

156 

168 



At $. . 
per ton. 



3000 ties per mile. 



In. 




Lbs. 






4*X* 


530 


.38 


23 


88 


5X* 


490 


.40 


25 


96 


5X& 


360 


.52 


34 


130 


5iX ^ 


340 


.58 


36 


137 



2.3 
2.5 
3.4 
3.6 



Dol. 


Dol. 


129 


92 


140 


100 


191 


136 


202 


144 



2600 ties per mile. 



In. 




Lbs. 






4*X£ 


530 


.38 


20 


75 


5Xi 


490 


.40 


22 


84 


5X& 


360 


.52 


29 


110 


5*X& 


340 


.58 


31 


118 



2 

2.2 
2.9 
3.1 



Dol. 


Dol. 


112 


80 


124 


88 


163 


116 


174 


124 



Boat spikes for shimming, etc.: 

7"X f", 650 per keg (200 lbs.). 
8"X T, 600 per keg (200 lbs.). 
9"X f", 525 per keg (200 lbs.). 

Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13. 

* Price for common track spikes F.O.B. Chicago, 1908 delivery, 1.80 cts. to 1.90 cts. 
per lb. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



10 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Ties. 

The ordinary ties are 8 feet long, 6 to 8 inches thick and 8 to 10 
inches wide, ends sawed square. The most common kind are of 
pine, spruce, hemlock, cedar, oak, including various other timbers 
that can be procured locally. They are usually classed No. 1 ties 
when of first quality, and No. 2 when conforming with No. 1, 
excepting that the thickness is an inch or so less; those failing to 
pass inspection as No. 1 or No. 2, are designated " Culls "; the 
latter, if sound and otherwise fit, are used in sidings, spurs, etc. 

Owing to the growing scarcity of timber, many railroads are 
treating ties by a chemical process so as to retard decay; the cost 
of the treatment paying for the extra years' service obtained. As 
it requires a number of years to demonstrate its usefulness and 
economy, the development is in consequence very slow and uncer- 
tain. Steel and concrete ties are mainly experimental and are 
used to a limited extent. The number of wood ties per rail length 
varies from 18 to 20 per 33-foot rail length, and cost from 35 cents 
to 75 cents per tie or more. Probably a fair average is 50 cents 
delivered on the site, but not placed. 

Switch Ties. — For turnouts and crossovers sawn oak ties, or 
good quality local timber is used, varying in length to suit the 
switch layout. For quantity and cost, see under Switches. 

TABLE 5. — QUANTITY AND APPROXIMATE COST TRACK TIES PER MILE, 

SINGLE TRACK. 



Distance 


Average 

number 

of ties 

per mile. 


Num- 
ber per 
100 ft. 

of 
track. 


Cost per mile. — Material only, F. 0. B. cars.* 


center to 
center 
about 


At 
50 cts. 
each. 


At 
45 cts. 
each. 


At 
40 cts. 
each. 


At 
. . cts. 
each . 


At 
. . cts. 
each. 


At 
. . cts. 
each. 


At 
. . cts. 
each. 


la. 

18 


3500 
3000 
2600 
2100 


67 
57 
50 
41 


Dol. 
1750 

1500 

1300 

1050 


Dol. 
1575 

1350 

1170 

945 


Dol. 

1400 

1200 

1040 

840 


Dol. 


Dol. 


Dol. 


Dol. 


21 










24 










30 





















Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13. 
* Prices for ties F. O. B. Chicago, 1908 delivery, 6"X 8"X8' oak, 1st grade, 74 cts. 
each. 6"X 8"X 8' oak, 2d grade, 67 cts. each. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



11 



Ballasting, etc. 

Ballasting. — Ballasting consists in procuring selected material 
for the road-bed to make good track, and includes the loading, 
hauling, unloading and transportation of all material hauled by 
train or otherwise for the purpose of surfacing the track; the 
material is usually gravel, cinders, broken stones, slag, etc., and 
the average depth 8 to 12 inches. 



Approximate cost. 



Cinder ballasting, 15 to 50 cts. per cubic yard . 
Gravel ballasting, 20 to 30 cts. per cubic yard . . 
Stone ballasting, 60 cts. to $1.25 per cubic yard 



Actual cost. 



Loading gravel on cars by steam shovel, 5 to 12 cents per cubic 
yard. 

Surfacing. — Surfacing includes all work in placing surface 
material under the track, tamping, lining, and all other work 
incident to the preparation of the track for operation. 



Approximate cost. 



Surfacing with cinders, 10 to 15 cts. per cubic yard. . . 

Surfacing with gravel, 15 to 25 cts. per cubic yard 

Surfacing with broken stone, 25 to 40 cts. per cubic yard 



Actual cost. 



TABLE 6. — APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES AND COST OF BALLASTING AND 
SURFACING PER MILE, SINGLE TRACK. 

(Including Ballast between Ties.) 



Kind of ballast. 



10" gravel 
10" rock. . 
12" gravel 
12" rock. . 
15" gravel 
15" rock . 



Cu. yds. 



1700 
1900 
2000 
2200 
2500 
2800 



Approximate 
cost per yd. 



50.35 
1.25 

.35 
1.25 

.35 
1.25 



Approximate 
cost per mile. 



$595.00 
2375.00 

700.00 
2750.00 

875.00 
3500.00 



Actual cost 
per mile. 



Note. — For condensed cost of track material per mile, above subgrade, see table 7, p. 13. 
Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



12 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Tracklaying. — Tracklaying includes all work in the laying of 
ties and track material, turnouts, switches, crossings, etc., and 
such necessary cutting down and filling up as may be necessary to 
allow the safe passage of trains before final surfacing. 

Approximate cost. — One mile of single track, $350 to $500. 

Record of actual cost: — 



Tie Plates . — The plates are made of mild steel with .20 to .25 
of one per cent of carbon, and are sheared and punched to 
template. 

The ordinary tie plate is 5 inches wide and 8 inches long, ft' to J 
inch thick, with ribs on the under side, which enter the wood and 
prevent slipping; the spike holes are arranged so that the plates 
will not be right and left. Tie plates with a shoulder or rib on top 
to fit against the outside edge of rail are also used. 

The plates increase the life of ties and prevent spreading of 
track, canting of rails and the cutting of ties by rail pressure, and 
excepting at joints are usually placed in pairs one on each end of 
the same tie. 

All ties on curves including turnouts and all soft ties on tangents 
are usually tie plated, held down by two spikes on tangents and 
three or four on curves. In general, three spike's should be used 
on curves less than 6 degrees and four on curves over 6 degrees. 

The average weight of the ordinary tie plate is about 4 pounds, 
and using 3000 ties to the mile, 6000 plates would be necessary, 
which at a cost of 12J cents each in place would total per mile 
$750. 



Record of actual cost : — . 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



13 



Rail Braces. — Rail braces are used principally on guard rails, 
switches and curves, and are generally placed in pairs one on each 
end of the same tie. They are made of cast iron and pressed steel 
in a variety of forms to fit the rail and support it laterally, and are 
spiked down to ties with three or more spikes. The pressed steel 
rail brace weighs about 4 pounds. 

Cost. — 10 to 15 cents each in place. 

Record of actual cost : — 



TABLE 7. — APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE MILE OF SINGLE MAIN LINE 

TRACK, ABOVE SUBGRADE. 













(Summary.) 














Rails (33-ft. lengths) 
at $31 per ton. 


Splices at 

$44.80 per 

ton (2000 

lbs.). 


Bolts and 
nuts at $75 

per ton 
(2000 lbs.). 


Spikes at 

$56 
per ton. 


s-i « 

a . 
o o 

H * 
Dol. 


T3 

C 

c3 • 
be 

he C 
.5 o 

j5 ~ 

n 

Dol. 


tuj 

a 

o 

Dol. 


a 

p. 

CO 

O 

o 
Dol. 


o 

o 
o . 

*" .54 

Pi -(J 

+a 

CO 

3 


Wt. 


Tons. 


Dol. 


Tons. 


Dol. 


Tons. 


Dol. 


Tons. 


Dol. 


Dol. 


56 


88.00 


2728 


4.29 


192 


0.77 


58 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


250 


5655 


1.07 


60 


94.29 


2923 


■4.72 


212 


0.80 


60 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


250 


5872 


1.11 


65 


102.12 


3166 


5.18 


231 


0.80 


60 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


250 


6134 


1.16 


70 


110.00 


3410 


6.05 


269 


0.85 


64 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


300 


6470 


1.23 


75 


117.86 


3654 


6.44 


288 


0.85 


64 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


300 


6733 


1.28 


80 


125.71 


3897 


7.00 


314 


0.90 


68 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


400 


7106 


1.35 


85 


133.57 


4141 


7.50 


338 


0.90 


68 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


400 


7374 


1.40 


90 


141.43 


4384 


8.72 


391 


0.96 


72 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


400 


7674 


1.46 


95 


149.29 


4628 


9.40 


423 


0.96 


72 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


450 


8000 


1.52 


100 


157.14 


4871 


10.11 


455 


1.73 


92 


3.6 


202 


1350 


875 


450 


8295 


1.58 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



14 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Ballast Sections. 

The following ballast sections are recommended as good practice 
by the A. Ry. Eng. and M. of Way Association. . 

The section for class A track is intended to show minimum depth 
under ties and is recommended for use only on the firmest, most 
substantial and well-drained subgrades. 

The sodding of the roadbed shoulder next to ditch and of the 
slopes of the ditch is recommended. 

The slag, which should be dressed to section shown for crushed 
rock and slag, is broken slag, similar in character to crushed rock. 

Granulated slag should be dressed to section for gravel, cinders, 
chats, etc. 

Class " A " gravel, cinders, chats, etc., also cementing gravel 
and chert Class B, the ballast slopes 3 to 1 from end of ties to sub- 
grade instead of 2 to 1 as shown. 



Sod 

il'NH' 



■ ■" ■ ____- — - — "-"C"" : ' =-H --H ^=« Lining 

— v Course Stone, end of drain i /Rad.4 ^5> 

^Drain where needed 1 / 

Crushed Rock and Slag 
Class A 



Crushed Rock and Slag 
Class A 



Crushed Rock and Slag 
Class B 

Fig. 5. Ballast Sections. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 15 

Grading. — Grading includes all excavation and embank- 
ments for the formation of the roadbed, all diversions of roads and 
streams, all borrow pits and ditches and similar work connected 
with and incident to the construction of the roadbed. 

The material excavated is classified usually as " Common Exca- 
vation," " Loose Rock," "Solid Rock," and measurement and 
payment are by units of one cubic yard, measurement made in 
excavation only, and by any method. 



Approximate cost. 



Common excavation, 20 to 30 cts. 

Loose rock, 60 cts. to $1 

Solid Rock, $1.60 to $2.50 



Actual cost. 



Overhaul. — When the distance of handling material exceeds a 
certain limit an extra is sometimes allowed under an overhaul 
clause. Usually 500 feet is designated as the limit of free haul, and 
any haul exceeding 500 feet is paid for at the specified price per 
cubic yard per station. 

Average cost overhaul .01 to .02 cent per cubic yard (100 ft.). 

Actual cost : — 

Tile Drains. — Sub-drains of tile are used chiefly in cuts where 
it is difficult to get a proper ditch, or where the ditch fills up with 
sliding material. It is laid 2\ to 4 feet deep with a fall where 
practicable. Tile drains are made in one and two foot lengths. 
3 to 6 inches diameter are the sizes generally used. Water 
enters the drains through the joints. Measurement and pay- 
ment are by unit price per lineal foot, including excavation and 
refilling. 



Approximate cost. 



3" tile, 12 to 15 cts. per lineal foot in place . 
4" tile, 13^ to 18 cts. per lineal foot in place 
6" tile, 15 to 20 cts. per lineal foot in place 



Actual cost. 



Crosswaying. — Crosswaying when required in swamps or 
muskegs is built of logs the full width of the embankment and 
Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



16 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

projecting beyond if desired, logs not less than 6 inches in diameter, 
small end, made up if necessary in one or two layers crossing each 
other at right angles placed close together and covered with brush. 
Measurement and payment are by units of 100 feet square. 

Approximate cost. — $30 to $50 per 100 feet square. 

Actual cost ; — 

Clearing. — Consists of clearing the right of way of all trees, 
logs, brush and other perishable matter, and burning or otherwise 
disposing of the same off the Company's property, stumps to be 
cut off even with the ground when the filling over them exceeds 
two feet. The last item is generally termed "close cutting." 
Measurement of clearing and payment for same are paid for- by the 
acre or by units of 100 feet square actually cleared. 

Approximate cost. — $40 to $60 per acre or $10 to $15 per 100 
feet square. 

Actual cost : — 



Trees. — Dangerous trees outside right of way considered unsafe 
are paid for at a specified rate per tree removed. 

Approximate cost. — 75 cts. to SI each. 

All trees reserved for construction purposes are usually stripped 
and neatly piled. Payment for this service is usually by the cord 
of 128 cubic feet. 

Actual Cost : — 



Grubbing. — Grubbing consists in removing stumps and large 
roots where excavations occur, including ground from which 
material is to be borrowed, and from all ditches, drains, new chan- 
nels for waterways and other places, and all ground to be covered 
by fill of less than 2 feet. Measurement of grubbing and payment 
are paid by the station of 100 feet or by units of 100 feet square 
actually grubbed. 

Approximate cost. — $20 to $30 per 100 feet square. 

Actual cost : — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



17 



Turnouts, etc. 

The arrangement by which an engine and 
train pass from one track to the other is 
termed a turnout, and consists of a switch, 
frog, guards and lead rails. (Fig. 6.) 

A train approaching so as to pass the 
switch point first is said to " face " the 
switch, and when it approaches in the op- 
posite direction, passing the frog first, it is 
said to " trail " the switch. 

Switches. — The switches in common use 
for turnouts are the stub and split or point 
switch. If the ends of the rails are cut off 
at a bevel, so as to lap slightly when thrown, 
it is called a lap switch. The split switch 
is practically universal as a standard, and 
generally is 15 feet and 16^ feet long, or 
half a rail length, for frogs 1 in 5 up to 1 
in 12. 

Split Switch. — The switch rail is slightly 
elevated above the stock rail by means of 
plates with risers, and is one-half to three- 
fourths inch below stock rail at the point, 
and one-fourth inch or so above stock rail 
5 or 6 feet from the point. The distance 
which the switch point rail moves when the 
switch is thrown varies . from 4 to 5 inches, 
and two to four tie bars either fixed or 
adjustable are used to connect the switch 
rails. 

Fixed end of switch is called the heel. 

Movable end the toe. 

Stub Switch heel is farthest from the 
frog. 

Split Switch heel is nearest the frog. 

Toe of Split Switch is the point of 
switch. 

Toe to heel is the length of switch. 



» 



— + 



n 



o 

H 
o 



ft 



CO 



18 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

The throw is the distance over which the free end moves when 
thrown. 

Turnout between switch and frog is usually made a simple circu- 
lar curve. 

Stub Switch. — The ordinary stub switch breaks the continuity 
of the main line in three places, two at the switch head block and 
one at the. frog. Owing to the pounding of wheels over the open 
space, account settlement of head block, and to expansion and 
contraction of rail, rendering the joints tight in summer and open 
in winter, and the liability of derailment should a train trail the 
switch, their use has been practically abandoned except in isolated 
tracks in yards or at points seldom in service. 

Slip Switches. — Slip switches are used where space is insufficient 
for ordinary turnouts or crossovers. Single slip is used when only 
one crossover track is required, double slips when two crossovers 
are necessary. (Fig. 11.) The switches are operated simultane- 
ously from a central " slip switch stand." Each end of a slip 
has a special twin split switch, which forms the entrance to the 
crossovers, each crossover containing one right and one left turnout. 

Switch Stands. — Automatic and rigid switch stands are used 
generally; for main line track switches the rigid type is principally 
used. 

Frogs. — The frog is a device whereby the rail at the turnout 
curve crosses the main track rail, and is represented by Fig. 7. with 
all the parts designated in the terms generally. used in ordering 
the various items, either bolted, clamped or riveted, rigid or spring 
rail. 




Fig. 7. Rigid Frog. 



The bolted type of frog is generally used, with spring rail frogs 
for main line turnouts where siding traffic is relatively small. 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



19 



Main line frogs are usually 9 to 12 and for yards 6 to 9, width of 
flangeways for frogs and guard rails If to If inches. 

Foot guards are used in the angle of frogs, heel of switches and ends 
of guard rails to protect employees from getting their feet caught. 

The frog number is the proportion of its length into its breadth 
or spread. Frog angle = cb -s- {ab + cd) . 




Example. — ab = 4 inches, cd = 8 inches, be = 84. 84 -f- 
(8 inches + 4 inches) = 7. Angle or spread of frog is 1 in 7, or 
No. 7 frog. 

TABLE FOR PUTTING IN FROGS AND SWITCHES. 
4-8* Gauge 5" Throw. 



Number of 
frog. 


Length of 

frog. 

Ft. 


Angle of 
frog. 


Radius of 

curve. 

Ft. 


Split switch leads dis- 
tance AB for 15 ft. 
Points. 


5 


5 


11° 25' 


239 


50. 


6 


6 


9° 32' 


345 


55.6 


7 


7 


8° 10' 


431 


60.3 


8 


8 


7° 10' 


606 


67.1 


9 


9 


6° 21' 


764 


71.6 


10 


■ 10 


5° 44' 


919 


76.9 


11 


11 


5° 12' 


1096 


80.0 


12 


12 


4° 46' 


1246 


87.1 



The split switch lead on tangents is the distance from the switch 
point to the frog point measured along the straight track. 




Fig. 9. 



30 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Hill 








-1 



* " — ' 


fi 


£ 


= 1 


— 


OD 


,~ T — i | 


~ 


— 








— 1 — ' • :• 


- 


X 


a 


•_ 




-i ,--rz? 


< 


— 


' i 


- 


■9 


cr^^m 


r 


3 


— : 


£ 


— 



bfl 




--: 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



21 



Crossovers. — The arrangement connecting two parallel tracks 
is called a crossover and consists of a double turnout. (Fig. 10.) 

To find the distance between frog points: 

From the distance between gauge lines of parallel tracks sub- 
tract the gauge of track; multiply the remainder by the number 
of frog. 

Example. — Distance between gauge line is 8 feet; gauge line 
4 feet 8J inches and No. 9 frog. 8 feet — 4 feet 8^ inches = 3 feet 
3^ inches, which multiplied by 9 = 29 feet 7J inches, the distance 
between frog points. 



TABLE 8. — AVERAGE COST OF TURNOUTS INSTALLED COMPLETE 

(WITHOUT LEAD RAILS). 









Switch 














stands, 


Frogs 


Laying 


Total 


Name. 


Kind. 




rods, 


with 


and sur- 


cost in- 






ties. 


lamps, 
etc. 


guards. 


facing. 


stalled. 


80 lb. split switch 


Spring 


$100.00 


$30.00 


$60.00 


$50.00 


$240.00 


80 lb. split switch 


Rigid 


100.00 


25.00 


50.00 


50.00 


225.00 


60 lb. stub switch 


Yard 


85.00 


25.00 


50.00 


40.00 


200.00 


80 lb. slip switch 


Single 


150.00 


50.00 


75.00 


75.00 


350.00 


80 lb. slip switch • 


Double 


200.00 


90.00 


140.00 


125.00 


550.00 



TABLE 9. — DETAILS OF COST. 



Switch ties. 


Approximate cost. 


Actual cost. 


1 set for main line switch 


$80.00 to $125.00 

70.00 to 100.00 

65.00 to 95.00 

55.00 to 80.00 

125.00 to 150.00 

150.00 to 200.00 




1 set for yard switch 




1 set stub switch ties 




1 set vard switch ties 




1 set slip switch, single 




1 set slip switch, double 









Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



22 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 9. — DETAILS OF COST. Continued.) 
For bill of switch ties, see p. 24. 






Approximate cost. 



New stub switch $20.00 to $30.00 

New main line split 30 . 00 to 50 . 00 



New main line slip switch [single 



40.00 to 60.00 



New main line slip switch double | 50.00 to SO. 00 . 



Actual cost. 



Frogs. 


:.:.-.._ be cost . 


Actual cost. 


1 SO-lb. spring frog. $50. with guard 
rails 

1 SO-lb. rigid Ire g, $3S with guard 
rails 

1 60-lb. spring frog. $35. with guard 
rails 


(62.00 

.00 
47.00 
21.00 
23.00 

21.00 





1 60-lb. rigid. $14.25. with guard 
ra 




1 72-lb. rigid. $16. with guard rails. 
1 56-lb. rigid. $14. with guard rails 







Stands, lamps, roc- 



Approximate cost. 



switch stands: 
Automatic $12.00 to $15.00 

?:-h IS. 00 to 20.00 



Intermediate 

Low 

Ramapo stub switch stand 

Lamps 

Lock and chain 

1 chain 2 

Tie rods G 



15.00 to 17.00 
9.00 to 12.00 
8.00 to 12.00 
4.00 to 5.00 
.50 to 
$3 at 3} cts. per lb. 
$9 at 3 cts. per lb. 



Actual cost. 



plates or rail braces 15 cts. each. $2. 70 per turnout 



TRACK MATERIAL. 



23 



TABLE 9. — DETAILS OF COST. (Concluded ) 



Laying and surfacing. 



Stub switch , 

Main line switch (split) 

Switches in large yards 

Taking up and relaying switch 

Slip switch, single 

Slip switch, double 



Approximate cost. 


Actual cost. 


$25.00 to $35.00 
30.00 to 50.00 
30.00 to 40.00 
30.00 to 50.00 
50.00 to 70.00 
60.00 to 100.00 

















TABLE 10. 



Crossover . 


Approximate cost. 


Actual cost. 


2 turnouts 


$250.00 

115.00 

18.00 

10.00 

227.00 

80.00 




170 ft. 80-lb. rail 




Fastenings 




Ties • 




2 sets switch ties at $1 13 . 50 




Labor. . 








Total ... 


$700.00 









Notes : — 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



-4 



-t: t t l- .o ": L- _ : 



vide, ends sawed square. 



Ta2 






,,: 


1" : 


j": 




Sol 


: - 


- 


■ 


3 
3 
3 

3 

: 
I 

- 
l 


3 
3 
3 

| 

1 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
. 

2 
2 
. 
2 

: 
l 

2 

* 
I 


3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
. 

: 

: 

2 

: 

2 

I 

: 

I 

2 
' 1 

: 

2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 

: 


i 

3 

3 

3 

3" 

3 

3 

■ 
- 
2 

- 


, 


8 3.. 
8 0.. 


3 

3 


8 9 


3 


9 9-. 


- 


9 3.. 


3 


9 6-. 


3 


:- r 


3 


:: : 
:: a 

19 8- . 


3 


19 9 


' 


11 9-. 




11 3-. 




:: -: 




11 9.- 




12 9-. 




12 3 
12 8. 




:: r 




1: : 




:i * 




13 «- 




13 9. 




14 9-. 




14 3 




' j. 


l 

j 




14 r 

:: : 

15 3 

:-: -: 
.\ ■ 
If -iiibloek 




7:-:. 
- -■ ' - 


- - - * 


■-'- 








■ » 


FeecB. M 


- - "" 



TRACK MATERIAL. 25 



Crossing. 

Complete Diamond installed, $250 to $350. 



Interlocking Plant. 

For an ordinary single track interlocked crossing at grade. 
8-Lever Machine including house and signals, $4500 to $5500. 
16-Lever Machine including house and signals, $7500 to $8500, 
or an approximate price for estimating $500 per lever. 

MAINTENANCE OF INTERLOCKING PLANT PER ANNUM. 

2 men at $1.25 per day $913. 00 

Inspection, $3 per month 36. 00 

Repairs and materials, $20 per month 240. 00 

40 gallons oil at 20 cts., $8 per month 96. 00 

Lamps, wicks and chimneys, $1 per month 12. 00 

$1297.00 

The above if capitalized at 5 per cent would be equivalent to an expendi- 
ture of $25,940.00. 

Notes : — ....'.' 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



'16 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND BSTDfATESL 



CHAPTER II. 

FENCES, GATES, SIGN POSTS, ROAD CROSSINGS 

AND GUARDS. 

Fences. 

For fencing in the right of way each railroad usually has its own 
standard. 

Wire Fence, — The ordinary fence consists of hard galvanized 
iron coiled wires, made in five to seven strands, spaced from 5 to 
10 inches apart, the fence averaging about 4 feet high, reinforced 
with verticals at varying distances. Wood fence posts are placed 
from 17 to 33 feet apart, set about 5 feet above ground and 3 feet 
under. 

The fences are either woven or field-erected, the woven being 
used on fairly level ground, and the field-erected on rough and 
uneven ground. Cross braces of 4" X 4" timbers and wire are 
used at end panels to stiffen the fence lengthwise. (Fig. 12.) 

This Post to be strained up at least 2 

-22'— 




Fig 12. Right of Way Fence. 



TABLE 11. 




ng per mile of track, erected complete. 


Approximate cost. 


A • ual cost. 


7-strand 4S-in. woven-wire fence. . . . 


127 00 to $300.00 




5-strand 42-in. woven-wire fence. . . . 


216.00 to 230.00 




7-etran 1 4*-:n. field-erected fence. 


320.00 to 400.00 




5-strand 42-in. field-erected fence. . 


2S2.00to 325.00 





FENCES. 27 

Approximate estimates of cost. — 

1-strand 48-m. woven-wire fence, 25 cts. per rod (16§ ft.) . $80.00 

Posts 9 cts. each, erection 5 cts. (160 per mile) 22.40 

Erection of fence 32 . 60 

One side $135.00 

Per mile of track $270.00 



5-strand 42-in. woven-wire fence, 18 cts. per rod (16£ ft.) . $57.60 

Posts 9 cts., erection 5 cts. (160 per mile) 22.40 

Erection of fence 28 . 00 

One side $108 . 00 

Per mile of track $216.00 



1-strand 48-tn. field-erected wire fence, 29 cts. per rod .... $92 . 80 

Posts 9 cts. each, erection 5 cts. (160 per mile) 22.40 

Erection 44.80 

One side $160.00 

Per mile of track $320.00 

5-strand 48-i'w. field-erected wire fence, 27 cts. per rod (16J 

ft.) $86.40 

Posts 9 cts. each, erection 5 cts. (160 per mile) 22.40 

Erection 32.20 

One side $141 . 00 

Per mile of track $282 . 00 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



28 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Picket Fence. — The ordinary picket fence for use in yard 
shops, etc., consists of S-inch cedar posts 9 to 10 feet long, set 
6 feet above ground and 3 to 4 feet under, at about 8-foot centers, 
with 3" X 4" runners top and bottom, set about 12 to 18 inches 
from ground and top of posts; to these are nailed 4" X 1" X 6' 
vertical pointed end pickets, with spaces between varying from 
1 inch to 6 inches. 

Approximate cost per linear foot, 50 to 75 cents. 



Wood Snow Fences. — Snow fences are used in open country 
to prevent or minimize trouble from drifting snow blocking the 
track. They are usually of wood, though tree and hedge fences 
and earth banks are in use. 

When permanent, a close or open board fence is erected on the 
portion of the right of way affected. 30 to 50 feet from track. 
When located off the right of way. permission is usually obtained 
from the farmers, and portable fences are used and placed 150 
feet or more from the track. 



Kind. Approximate Cost . Actual Cost. 



Permanent close board fence per lin. ft. . 50 to 60 cts. 
Permanent open board fence per lin. ft. .1 40 to 50 cts. 
Portable fence per lin. ft 30 to 40 cts. 



Permanent Close Board Fence. — Cedar posts 8 inches 
diameter by 12 feet long, placed 8-foot centers, standing about 
S Feet 6 inches from ground line, and covered with f-inch boards to 
within one foot of ground with 1" X 6" cover piece over the joints 
at each post. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



FENCES. 



29 




Fig. 13. Permanent Snow Fence. (Open Board.) 




Fig. 14. Portable Snow Fence. 



Permanent Open Board Fence. (Fig. 13.) — Similar to the 
close board fencing excepting that the boards are placed with 
6-inch spaces between. 

Portable Fence. (Fig. 14.) — Made in sections 14 and 16 feet 
long, with triangular shaped supports 6 to 8 feet high, and about 
6 feet spread, with 2" X 6" inclined main supports at 7-foot 
centers, and 2" X 6" brace behind; when not held down by stakes 
to ground, 2" X 6" ties are used at the bottom of frame and stone 
piled on top. 

The boards are J-inch material from 6 to 8 inches wide, about 
12-inch centers with 4 to 6-inch spaces between. 



30 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Approximate estimate of cost. 

Permanent Close Board Fencing. 
One 16-foot Panel. 

2 fence post holes at 35 cts $0 . 70 

2 posts 8 inch-diameter. 12 feet long, at 9 cts 2.16 

150 feet B. M. boarding at S35 5 25 

3} pounds 12d. steel nails at 8 cts 0.28 

2 stake posts 6-inch diameter. 5 feet long, each at 25 cts.. . . 0.50 

16 feet galvanized iron guy wire 0.11 

Total, p. panel S9 . 00 



Permanent Open Board Fence. 
One 16-foot Panel. 

2 fence post holes at 35 cts $0.70 

2 posts S-inch diameter. 12 feet long, at 9 cts 2.16 

97 feet B. M. boarding at S35 3.40 

1| pounds nails at 8 cts 0.13 

2 stake posts 6 to 8 inches diameter. 5 feet long, each 25 cts. 50 

16 feet galvanized iron wire 0.11 

Total, p. panel $7 .00 . 



Portable Fence. 
One 14rfoot Panel. 

150 feet B . If. timber at $35 $5.25 

3 pounds nails at 8 cts . 24 

3i"X 4§* carriage bolts with washers 0.31 

Ground stakes or bottom ties 20 

Total, p. panel $6.00. 



Safety Crossing Gates. 

At public road grade crossings it is sometimes necessary to 
place safety gates, consisting of iron posts placed at the curb of 
roadway parallel with track to which are connected the main 
and sidewalk arms, usually of wood, that stretch over and pro- 
tect the crossing. They are operated by hand crank at gate 
level, or by hand lever or compressed air from a tower (some- 
times a number of crossings are operated from the one tower), 
arranged so that the gates cannot be opened or closed excepting 
Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



GATES. 



31 



by the operator. The connections for operating the gates simul- 
taneously are either placed underground or overhead as desired. 

The gates are usually located 8 to 10 feet clear of the nearest 
rail, with the elevated tower on one side or between tracks when 
convenient. 

The span of gates varies to suit conditions. They are made 
usually in two-post or four-post crank, lever, or pneumatic types, 
the two-post style being used when the road is not too wide, and 
four-post construction for large openings. The smaller the span., 
other things being equal, the easier will the gates be operated. 

TABLE 12. — SAFETY GATES. 



Kind. 



Two-post crank gates with watch- 
man's shanty complete 

Four-post crank gates with watch- 
man's shanty complete 

Two-post lever gates with wood 
tower and connections complete . . 

Four-post lever gates with wood 
tower and connections complete . . 

Two-post pneumatic gates with 
wood tower and connections com- 
plete 

Four-post pneumatic gates with 
wood tower and connections com- 
plete 



Approximate Cost. 



$300.00 to $400.00 
400.00 to 500.00 
450.00 to 650.00 
600.00 to 800.00 

500.00 to 700.00 

700.00 to 900.00 



Actual Cost. 



The above prices are for wood foundation throughout. 



Two=post crank gate would consist of — 

One cast-iron power or crank post, 

One cast-iron dead post, 

Two bifurcated wooden main and sidewalk arms, 

Two shafts, 

Piping, wood or concrete foundations, 

Watchman's shanty and bells if desired. 
A four-post crank gate, excepting for the first and last items, 
would be double the above. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



32 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Two=post lever gate would consist of — 

Elevated tower with posts and foundations. 

Two cast-iron posts, 

Two bifurcated wooden main and sidewalk arms, 

One lever stand with two levers, 

Chain and rod connections, 

Gatepost foundations and ducts, 

Installation, 

Bells for arms and tower if desired. 

A four-post lever gate would be double the above excepting 
the first and last items. 



Two=post pneumatic gate would consist of — 

Elevated tower with posts and foundations, 

Two cast-iron posts with locking connections, 

Two bifurcated wooden main and sidewalk arms. 

One air-pump and valves (unless air can be supplied), 

Piping and connections. 

Gatepost foundations and ducts. 

Installation, 

Bells for arms and tower if desired. 

A four-post pneumatic gate would be double the above except- 
ing the air-pump and first and last items. 

The elevated tower for crossing gates would cost from SI 50 to 
S200 each. 

Generally speaking the lever crossing gate is more positive in 
action than the pneumatic type; the pneumatic type under cer- 
tain conditions is not alwavs satisfactory. 



Farm Crossing Gates. — Generally made of wood and wire, or 
gas pipe and wire, the last mentioned being known as the steel 
gate. 

Usually 14 and 16 feet long, standing 4 feet 6 inches above 
ground 4 feet high, made to swing outward away from track. 



GATES. 



33 



Kind. 



Approx. Cost. 



Actual Cost. 



Swing wire gate with wooden frame com- 
plete 14 ft. long (Fig. 16) 



Swing wire gate with steel frame complete 
14 ft. long (Fig. 17). 



Swing board gate, board frame 16 ft. long 
(Fig. 15) 



Swing wire gate, steel frame 16 ft long 
(Fig. 17) 



£3.75 to $4.50 
4.50 to ' 5.50 
4.00 to 5.00 
5.00 to 6.00 



/-lx6 



1x6 




Fig. 15. Swing Board Gate. 



{-,-'„! 7 



^t 



-€£; 



■* " l^ffvj 






-2V3- 



^4&^ 



>°I 



[h 



«M 



? — - : - - ,_ . 






— 14 '0- 



^> 



Fig. 16. Swing Wire Gate. 



Wooden Gates. (Figs. 15 and 16.) — The wooden gates are usually 
made of 2" X 3" frame all round with a 2" X 3" post in center 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



PA 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



and Xo. 9 galvanized wire mesh over, with two diagonal cross- 
wire ties 

The wooden swing board gate is made up of four 1" X 6" X 16' 
planks with S-inch spaces between having one center and two 
diagonal planks 1 

Steel Gates. Fig. 17.) — The steel pipe gates are made with 
-inch steel pipe, divided into three equal panels with two vertical 

H-inch bars between, covered with Xo. 9 galvanized iron wire 

mesh with diagonal wire brace. 




— _ . . 1 — •_ -:y — :-: ,- — :-r-r — :..'—. - - -:- -.' — : ; :-. —: :--.'- 



■14 0- 



14 Fee: Gate 
ELEVATION 



: ; 




Tig. 17. 



Highway Crossing Alarm Bell. — At highway croosmgs where 
traffic does not warrant a watchman or safety gates, an electric 
alarm bell attached to the road-crossing sign, or erected on a special 
iron or wood pole, is often used, arranged so as to ring ahead of an 
approaching train; a light also is sometimes provided above the 
bell. The track rail joints are bonded for a distance of 1000 to 
3000 feet on either side the crossing and insulated for battery and 
bell circuit, a battery being necessary at each end of the bonded 
track and one at foot of bell post. 

The approximate cost of alarm bell erected complete, $300 
- -400. 

When a light is installed, the cost is increased 25 to 50 per cent. 



SIGN POSTS. 35 



General Signboards and Posts. 

Approximate cost, etc., of various signboards and posts usually 
erected on the right of way, from C. P. R. Standards, F. P. Gutelius, 
Assistant Chief Engineer. 

Railway Crossing and Highway Sign. — Placed at all public 
road grade crossings facing the approach. Post 7 to 9 inches 
round, about 12 feet above top of rail, set into ground about 
4 feet, two 8-inch planks on top placed crosswise with the words 
" Railroad Crossing " marked in plain block letters 6 inches 
high on each side. 

Approximate cost complete, $4.00 to 5.00. 

Actual cost : — 

Railway Crossing, Railway Junction and Drawbridge Sign. 

— Post 7 to 9 inches round, about 10 feet 6 inches above top of 
rail and 5 feet in ground, with four boards on top placed diamond 
shape with the words " Railway Crossing One Mile " in plain block 
letters 6 inches high, or " Drawbridge Crossing " or " Junction 
Crossing" in place of "Railway Crossing." 

Approximate cost complete, $3.50 to $4.50. 

Actual cost: — 

Wing Post Sign. — Placed 8 feet from rail and 150 feet from 
obstructions where wings of snow plows must be closed and 
points lifted. Post 4 to 6 inches round, about 7 feet above rail 
and 3 to 4 feet in ground, with two boards placed crosswise at the 
top with a round black disk painted in each corner. 

Approximate cost complete, $1.00 to $1.25. 

Actual cost: — 

Flanger Post. — Placed 8 feet from rail, and 150 feet from 
obstructions where points and Gangers must be lifted. Post 
4 to 6 inches round, 7 feet 6 inches above rail set 3 feet 6 inches 
below ground, with 8" X 2' board on top, having two round black 
disks, one on each side. 

Approximate cost complete, $1.00 to $1.25. 

Actual cost: — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



36 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AXD ESTIMATES. 

Station Mile Board. — Placed 10 feet from rail. 6 to 8 inches 
round, post about 9 feet above rail and set in ground 4 feet, with 
board 12 to 15 inches wide 5 feet long, with " Xame of Station " 
and 1 mile under in plain block lette: - 

Approximate cost com pit: 12. I v _ 

Actual cost: — 

Yard Limit. — 6 to 8-inch round post about 9 feet above 
rail and about 4 feet in ground, with board placed on top and 
" Yard Limit " marked in plain block lette: & 

Approximate cost compbr S2 to $2.25. 

Actual co>:: — 

Section Post. — Placed 7 feet from rail. 4"x4" square post 
standing 5 feet above rail and set 3 feet in ground with 10"Xl8' r 
board on top. with the two section numbers marked. 

Approximate cost complete. $0.90 to $1.00. 

Actual cost: — 

Mile Post. — Placed 7 feet from rail. 10"X10" square post 
set diamond fashion to the track, about 5 feet above rail, and s 
3 feet 6 inches in ground: about the top of the post the mile 
number is painted on the two sides facing the track. 

Approximate mplete. $2.00 to $2.50. 

Actual cos:: — -. 

Mile Board. — Attached to telegraph pole about 10 feet ah 
ground. A 10" X 3' board with the mile painted on each side, 
and attached to the nearest telegraph pole. 

Approximate cost complete, 30 to 50 cent-. 

Actual cost: — 

Whistle Post. — Place! 7 feet from rail and one-fourth mile 
from public road crossings. A flat board 3"X9" standing 5 feet 
above rail, and set 3 feet in ground: the letter " W " is painted 
at the top. 

Approximate cost complete. 75 to 90 cents. 

Actual cost: — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



SIGN POSTS. 37 

Trestle Number. — Placed in center of structure on milepost 
side. 12"X36" board with the trestle number painted on in 
plain block letters, and bolted to one of the ties outside of the 
guard. 

Approximate cost complete, 35 to 45 cents. 

Actual cost: — . 

Culvert Number. — 4"X4" square post standing 6 feet above 
ground, 8 feet from rail, with 9"X24" board having the Culvert 
number painted on in plain block letters. 

Approximate cost complete, 80 to 90 cents. 

Actual cost: — 

Trespass Sign. — Six-inch round post standing 5 to 6 feet 
above the rail and about 4 feet in ground, with lS^XSO" board 
on top, having the words " Caution " " Do not trespass " painted 
in plain block letters. 

Approximate cost complete, $1.50 to $1.80. 

Actual cost: — 

Clearance Post. — 4"x4" post standing about 9 inches high 
above rail set 2 feet into ground with chamfered top painted 
black with the lower portion white placed at extreme clearance 
points of sidings. 

Approximate cost complete, 40 to 50 cents. 

Actual cost: — 

Elevation Posts. — 4"x4" posts standing about level with top 
of rail, placed on the outside of, and at the beginning and end of 
curves and spirals about 6 feet from outside rail, with the letter 
E and O under facing tangent, and Q and O under facing track, 
on tangent end of spirals, and the letter E with elevation under, 
facing spiral curve, and Q with excess gauge marked under, facing 
track, and D with degree of curve under, facing circular curve. 

Approximate cost complete, 40 to 50 cents. 

Actual cost: — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



38 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Rail Rack Posts. — 6"X15" posts made up of old stringers 
with three 5-inch steps at top, to hold spare rails; posts are set 
18 feet apart 7 feet from rail, and set about 3 feet in ground. 

Approximate cost complete, 75 cents to $1.00 per pair. 

Actual cost: — 

Stop Signal Post Sign. — Used where trains must come to a 
full stop, at railway crossings, etc., placed 400 feet on each side 
and 8 feet from rail. Six-inch round post standing about 8 feet 
above rail with chamfered end, set about 4 feet in ground, with 
tapered board 8"X3' about 12 inches from top, and the word 
" Stop " painted on in plain block letters. 

Approximate cost complete, $2.00 to $2.25 each. 

Actual cost: — 

Slow Signal Post Sign. — Used where all trains must be under 
full control, placed 2000 feet from points protected and 8 feet 
from rail. Post similar to stop signal post sign, tapered board 
8"X3' with V-shaped end, and the word " Slow " painted on 
in plain block letters. 

Approximate cost complete, $2.00 to $2.25 each. 

Actual cost: — 

Bridge Warning. — Placed over the track H)0 feet or there- 
abouts from all overhead obstructions less than 22 feet 6 inches 
clear height above top of rail. 8 by 8 post standing about 26 feet 
above rail and about 5 feet in ground with 6" X 6" horizontal arm 
on top 13 feet long, fastened to post with iron strap and 6 by 6 
brace; from the arm are suspended sixteen f-inch sash cords 3 feet 
6 inches long each, well bound at the bottom and looped to one- 
half inch by 2-foot long double eye bolts, hooked to screw eye 
bolts fastened to the horizontal bar. 

Approximate cost complete, $15.00 to $18.00. 

Actual cost: — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



ROAD CROSSINGS. 39 

Mail Crane. 

Mail cranes are erected at way stations where necessary to col- 
lect the mail while the train is running. 

The main post, either of wood or steel, is set up about 10 feet 
from center of track, and attached with a blocking piece to two 
extra long track ties, the post being stayed at the back by a 
double brace. 

At the top of the post about three-foot centers two horizontal 
arms project 3 feet towards the track arranged to hold the mail 
bag. The arms have a steel spring attachment at the post end 
so that when the bag is released they automatically rise and fall 
towards the post, one going up and the other down. 

A light iron ladder is placed for convenience of the operator, 
so that he may be able to catch the arms and tie the mail bag in 
position. 

Approximate cost of an iron mail crane complete, $25 to $50. 

Actual cost: — 



Grade Road Crossings. 

At grade crossings of public and farm roads it is necessary to 
make a driveway for the safe passage of vehicles over the track, 
for a width of 12 to 16 feet for farms, and 20 feet or over for 
public crossings. Three-inch plank is generally used of varying 
widths, and of the desired length, placed fairly close together 
between rails and one on the outer side of each rail, spiked to 
2-inch shims under the planks and secured to the ties; the height 
of shims is made to suit the rail, and the ends of planks are 
usually chamfered off, and in some cases a rail is placed on its 
side, butting against the web of the main track rails with the base 
against the plank to form a flangeway. 

In some cases a wooden frame is made and filled with gravel or 
cinders at about the same cost. This form is not recommended, 
as heavy loads may cause the wheels to sink into the filling when 
teams are passing over, and is likely to cause trouble. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



40 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Kind. 


Approximate cost, 
Single Track Cross- 
ings. 


Actual Cost. 


12-foot wide plank crossing. » 

16-foot wide plank crossing 

20-foot wide plank crossing 


$ 7.00 to $10.00 
10.00 to 15.00 
15.00 to 20.00 
20.00 to 25.00 








24-foot wide plank crossing 









Overhead Farm Crossings. — The overhead farm crossing is in 
the nature of a light highway bridge, and generally has to be 
designed to suit the varying conditions of ground actually met 
with. The bents are placed about 20 feet apart across the track 
for single, and 30 feet or more for double track, with a clear height 
of 22 feet 6 inches under the crossing, and a width of 14 feet or 
more. The balance of the bents are spaced 14 or 16-foot centers 
on either side of track. The floor joists up to 20-foot center to 
center of bents, may be 3"Xl2", and for double track 31 feet 6 
inches centers to centers of bents 6"X14", at about 2-foot centers, 
covered with 3-inch plank; a railing 4 feet high or more is placed 
on each side of crossing made up of 4"x4" posts about 8-foot 
centers with 2"X3" brackets and 4"X4" hand rail secured to 
posts; the floor plank is made extra long at. the posts to take 
the bracket, and 1"X4" fencing is used. The bents have 12" X 12" 
caps on three cedar piles, or 10"X12" posts, three to a bent, with 
flatted cedar sill under and 12" X 12" cap on top; the bents are 
cross braced from sill to cap with 3" by 10" plank, one on each 
side, and 3"X10" braces are also inserted longitudinally, at least 
one panel on each side of the track. 



Approximate Cost. — 
crossing. 



to $12 per lineal foot for 14-foot wide 



Actual cost: — 



Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



GUARDS. 



41 



Cattle Guards. 

At public highways and other crossings cattle guards are placed 
on each side of the road, to prevent cattle from getting on the 
right of way. 

They are made of various material, metal and wood being 
used principally. The metal guards are liable to rust unless 
frequently painted. The wood guards is the most popular. 

Wood Cattle Guards. (Fig. 18.) — The common wood cattle 
guard consists of a number of board slats lJ^XS^XS' nailed at 
about 4-inch centers to slant face wood blocks, one block at 
each end between each slat, 10 slats with 18 blocks forming a 



2 x6 



Slats IX x5 x 8-8 long 
—i.^' 1 



■i'5JJ- 




Fig. 18. Wood Cattle Guard. 

section; three sections are generally used, one at each side and 
one in the center of track, and placed each side of road crossing 
resting on 2 // x6 // timbers supported on 8-inch diameter cedar 
posts with small brace straps at the bottom and ends; the rest 
timbers are arranged to come about level with base of rail, so 
that the guard extends about 4 inches above the base of rail. The 
guards and fence posts are usually whitewashed when placed. 

Approximate Cost. — Cost of wood cattle guards (6 sections) 
complete in place, $15 to $25. 

Actual cost: — . . .• 

Pit Guards. — The pit guard is usually an open culvert spanned 
by stringers to carry the track; their use for many reasons is not 
recommended. 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



42 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Metal Guards. — Metal guards made with galvanized iron bent 
to form any desired type of cattle guard is usually made up in sec- 
tions arranged to fasten to the track ties, the two outer sections 
being supported at the ends with 2"X6" timbers nailed to 8-inch 
cedar posts similar to the wood guard supports. 

Approximate cost of galvanized iron cattle guards (6 sections) 
complete in place, $25 to $45. 

Actual cost: — 

Add your own prices and records in blank spaces. 



CULVERTS. 



43 



CHAPTER III. 
CULVERTS. 

Culverts are used for conveying small streams under the road- 
bed and for drainage purposes. Tile, concrete, and cast-iron 
pipes are principally used, including masonry and timber boxes 
and concrete arches. 

When pipes are used locate on solid ground high enough to 
clear when flow ceases, and lay on a uniform grade equal to that 
of the natural ground, with a camber when grade is less than one 
per cent to prevent formation of pockets by settlement. Pref- 
erably excavate trench to fit the bottom part; otherwise solidify 
by tamping and compacting carefully around the culvert. 

Do not block, wedge, or lay in water. Place all sockets upgrade 
and begin from lower end. 

Back fill in tamped layers. Do not tamp on top, but form 
an arch of tamped material over, leaving one diameter of loose 
material over the centers; then tamp all the way across. 

When two or more are used side by side keep them one diam- 
eter apart. 

When there is a liability to scour, end walls or sheet piling is 
provided. 

When pile foundation is necessary use one row for small pipes 
and two rows staggered, for 24 inch or greater, supporting the 
entire length of pipe. Box or arch culverts are piled when 
necessary under the main walls. 

Pipe Culverts. 

TABLE 13. — LENGTH OF PIPE REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT HEIGHTS OF 

EMBANKMENT. 

Height, base of rail to invert. Length, pipe required in linear feet. 



Height, ft .. 


6 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


26 


28 


30 


Length, ft. . 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


78 


84 


90 


96 


102 



u 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Estimating Sizes of Pipe. — One-inch rain fall per acre gives 
approximately 24.000 gallons per hour, or 400 gallons per minute. 
Not more than 50 per cent to 75 per cent will reach drain within 
same hour. 

TABLE 14. — APPROXIMATE CARRYING CAPACITY OF PIPES. 
Inches fall to 100 feet. 



Size of pipe. 



2 in. 



3 in. 6 in. 



9 in. 



12 in. I 24 in. 36 in. 



Gallons discharged per minute. 



2,000 2.500 3.500 4,500 5,000 7.000 8,500 
4.500 5.500 7,500 9, 000 10, 500 15. 000 IS, 000 
8,000 9.500 13,500 16. 50019, 000 26. 500 32, 500 
36 inches 12.500 15. 500 22,000 26. 500 31.000 43. 500*53,000 



18 inches 
24 inches 
30 inches 



Make allowance for severe storms, which are generally of short duration. 

Tile Pipe Culverts, i Fig. 19.) — Tile pipe must have at least 
4 feet of embankment on top. 

TABLE 15. — APPROXIMATE COST. 



Inner Min. thick- 
diam. : ness shell. 



In. 

4 

6 
8 
10 
12 
15 
18 
20 
24 



In. 
i 



I 

1 

H 
1| 
1J 

2 



Min. 

length 

laid. 



In. 

24 

24 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 



Depth of 


Annu- 


socket. 


lar 




space. 


In. 


In. 


2 


i 

2 


H 


5. 

- 


01 

-4 


f 


02 

-4 


f 


3 


1 


3 


i 


H 


f 


3^ 


i 


4 


I 



Weight 
per lin. ft. 



Lbs. 
10 

16 

25 

37 

45 

76 

118 

138 

190 



Approx. 

cost per 

ft. 



$0.10 
.13$ 
17| 

22 

27 

.46 

.63 

1.10 

1.37 



Riprap 

walls for 

ends when 

required 

(Fig. 19) 

cu. yds. 



9 
10 
11 
12 



Excavating, laying, and refilling extra. 



CULVERTS. 



45 




CROSS SECTION 




Inlet End 

PIPE CULVERTS 

Fig. 19. 

Joints usually made of caulked oakum protected by cement 
mortar; when foundation is solid joints may be filled with cement 
mortar, one cement and one sand. 

TABLE 16. — MORTAR FOR 100 JOINTS CONCRETE OR TILE PIPE. 



18-inch diameter pipe 
24-inch diameter pipe 
30-inch diameter pipe 
36-inch diameter pipe 



If barrels cement 
2^ barrels cement 
4 barrels cement 
6 barrels cement 



I yard sand 
J yard sand 
\ yard sand 
f yard sand 



u 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES ANT> ESTIMATES 



Concrete Pipes. Rg, 19.) — Concrete pipe masA have 
least 4 feet of embankment on top: a c nai .-.-:abie saving : 
be effected in transportation ' by having the pipe made at or 
near the -i:e. especially on new rk. 






: . i ~ : : 


7 ;- 


7- 






A~ :: : .: 



7-' 

..7 :': 



IS 

:: 

I: 



?. 



: ! 


1 : '. 


a-:-: 


• • : 


- 7 


§,; 4^ 


: : 


• : ; 


. : : : 


: : 


'I 


: :-. 


: : 


-:: 


:::■: 


3.3 


- 


: ;; 


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:r : 


1375 


4 : r 


- X 


1.70 



12 
14 

:-: 



^i:iTi::ii . -. ; 



Joints, — One part Portland cement and one part sand r and 

i.'. .L:i ie ; . "- ...-- See 7 - r 1 



Ca5t=Iron Pipe Culverts. Kg, 19.] — Cast-iron pipe mi 

.: leas* K fee: ::' en:ar.kner.: . ibly n:: :ver 

25 feet, carefullv tamped. 



— a???. :x:::a" 



AD A T JODTT 



: 5.-7 


= : 


^ : - 


E .7. 


- - 


: . .:. 


-- 


14 in. 


:-: :- 


. 


.4 - 


1: - 


- I: 
0.11 


: :: 


u n 

: ::- 


15 




: \\ 


:: 


IS 


0.6 





CULVERTS. 



47 



TABLE 18a. — CAST IRON PIPE, APPROXIMATE COST, ETC. 
Bell and Spigot Joint. 



Size inner 
diara. 
pipe. 



In. 
4 

6 

8 

1G 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
24 



Length of pipe 



Over all. 



Ft. In. 
12 4 



12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 



Laid. 



Ft. 
12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 



Weight in lbs. per 



Ft. 
laid. 



22 

36 

53 

73 

95 

119 

147 

176 

208 

282 



Length. 



264 

432 

636 

876 

1140 

1428 

1764 

2112 

2496 

3384 



Thickness 
of pipe. 


Cost per 

ft. at $35 

per ton. 


In. 

7 
16 


$0.39 


1 
2 


.63 


9 
16 


.93 


5 

8 


1.28 


11 
16 


1.66 


3 

4 


2.09 


13 
16 


2.57 


2 7 
32 


3.08 


29 
32 


3.64 


1 


4.93 



Rip-rap 

for end 

walls 

when reqd. 

(Fig. 19). 

Cu. Yds. 



8* 

9 
10 
11 
12 




Excavating, laying, and filling extra. 
M 

N 



Material up to this line included 

in quantities for End Walls ! 

\l 




Fig. 20. Concrete Arch Culvert. 

Concrete Arch Culverts. (Fig. 20.) — Mixture: One cement, 
3 sand and 5 broken stone. Excavating, laying, and refilling extra. 
See Table 19. 

Settlement. — In places where settlement is likely to occur build 
in 8 or 10-foot lengths, separated with a heavy layer of tarred 
felt. Joints to be vertical and the width of base increased. 

No filling to be done before concrete has thoroughly set, the 
minimum time allowed being two weeks. 






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Length 

of 
barrel. 


< 


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c 


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1—1 CO O Tt< •— < 

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w 


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1— ( T— 1 T— 1 I— 1 1— 1 


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1 

o 
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COCOOCOCOOOOOOCOCOCOicOCOOOOOO 


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Length 

of 
barrel. 


<i 


4J(N(N(N(N(NOcO©(OCOOOOOOO)T)iTt<Tt<^ 

t— 1 i-H i-M i— ItHi— 1 i— 1 i— I i— 1 »— 1 i-H 


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w 


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[ I ,(NM^iOCOlMCO^iOcO(NrO'*iOtO(NCOTjHiOtO 


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CO O (M ■<* 

t— 1 y—i l— 1 


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e 

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c 

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5 


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c'HS HS 3 1 o 

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£ C© (M CD CO 

■^ (M CO CO ■**< 

Cm 


>-> 


O 

c " CO CO OS i-H 



50 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Rail Concrete Culverts. 

For permanent structures where there is insufficient head-room 
for culvert pipes or concrete arch culverts, rail concrete culverts 
are used. 

The spans given are from 4 to 10 feet, the arrangement consisting 
of concrete retaining walls, sloped with the bank, with concrete 
reinforced floor over, 10 to 12 inches thick, the reinforcement being 
old rails embedded in the concrete at about 12-inch centers. The 
floor is paved with field stones, and the ends of walls riprapped 
when necessary. 






pa 


,' 






-> 



Fie:. 21. Rail Concrete Culvert. 



A. 

Span. 



4 

6 

8 

10 



TABLE 20. — APPROXIMATE COST, ETC., SINGLE TRACK. 
Mixture : 1 cement, 3 sand, and 5 broken stone. 



Concrete. 



B 




Depth. 


Ft. 


In. 


9 


6 


9 


6 


10 


6 


11 


6 



c. 

Length. 



Cu. 
yds. 
con- 
crete. 



Cost 
at S10 

per yd. 



Ft. In. 
21 


39 


S390 


21 


42 


420 


24 


53 


530 


26 


64 


640 



Rails. 



Tons 
rails. 



1.10 
1.40 
1.70 
2.00 



Cost 
at $22 



S24 
31 
38 
44 



Paving. 



Cost 

at 

SI. 50 



per ton. ~ , 

£ per yd 



10 
15 
25 
35 



SI 5. 00 
22.50 
37.50 
52.50 



Riprap. 



8 

16 
24 
4^ 



Cost 
at $3 
per yd, 



S24 
48 
72 

144 



Total 
cost. 



$453.00 
521.50 
675.50 
880.50 



Excavating and refilling extra. 



CULVERTS. 



51 




LONGITUDINAL SECTION 

Fig. 22. Stone Box Culverts. 

TABLE 21. —APPROXIMATE COST, ETC. 
Material : Rubble Masonry, in Cement Mortar. 



Body. 


Paving. 


Total 
cost 
per 
lin. 

ft. 


Add for 2 end wing walls. 


Size. 


Cu. 

yds. 

per 

lin. 

ft. 


Cost 

at Spo 
per 
cu. 

yd. 


Sq. 
yds. 
per 
lin. 

ft. 


Cost 

at 

$1.50. 


Cu. 
yds. 


Cost 

tit 9pO. 


Rip- 
rap, 
cu. 
yds. 


Cost 

at $2 

per 

yd. 


Total 
cost 
for 2 

end 

walls, 

etc. 


Ft. 








Cts. 














3X3 


1.10 


$8.80 


.30 


45 


$9.25 


7 


$56.00 


8.00 


$24.00 


$88.00 


3X4 


1.50 


12.00 


.30 


45 


12.45 


12 


96.00 


9.00 


27.50 


123.00 


4X4 


1.75 


14.00 


.40 


60 


14.60 


12 


96.00 


10.00 


30.00 


126.00 


4X5 


2.0 


16.00 


.50 


75 


16.75 


19 


152.00 


12.00 


36.00 


188.00 


5X5 


2.25 


18.00 


.50 


75 


18.75 


19 


152.00 


12.00 


36.00 


188.00 


5X6 


2.5 


20.00 


.60 


90 


20.90 


27 


216.00 


14.00 


42.00 


258.00 



Excavating and refilling extra. 



52 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Cedar Box Culverts. (Fig. 23.) — To be used only when pipe 
or concrete culverts cannot be placed economically. In sand 
embankments use side frames as shown in dotted lines. 




DOUBLE BOX 








w 




Jjf 


-Drirt Bolts ! 


S* 




■ » 




Boulders 




SINGLE BOX 
Fig. 23. Wood Box Culverts. 

TABLE 22. — APPROXIMATE COST. ETC. 



Size. 


Kind. 


F:. 
B.M. 
per ft. 


Cost at 
$30 per If. 


Paving, 
sq. yds. 
per ft. 


Cost at 
%2 per 
sq. yd. 


T 

Iron. 

lbs. 
,.per ft. 


Cost at 

5 cts. per 

lb. 


Approx. 
cost per 
ft. com- 
plete. 


Ft. 

2X4 


Single 


90 


$2.70 


0.5 


$1.00 


6 


as. 

30 


14.00 


2X4 


Double 


150 


4.50 


10 


2.00 


10 


50 


7.00 


4X4 


Single 


175 


5.25 


05 


1.00 


15 


75 


7.00 


4X4 


Double 


275 


8.25 


1.0 


2.00 


20 


ISO 


11.25 



Sheet pile at ends when scouring is likely to occur. 
Excavating and refilling extra. 



BRIDGES. 53 



CHAPTER IV. 

BRIDGES, TRESTLES, RETAINING WALLS, CRIBS, 

TUNNELS. 

Bridges. 

Deck Plate Girders. (Fig. 24.) — Deck plate bridges are 
made of steel plates and angles, fabricated and riveted up into 
girders, etc., in the shops. 

The girders are placed at 9 feet centers more or less, and are held 
laterally by steel brace frames at varying intervals placed cross- 
wise, and by longitudinal bracing top and bottom. 

Usually the span is completely shop-riveted and shipped ready 
to drop into place, so that it is only necessary to insert the stone 
bolts and erect the floor, which is very easily done. 

The ends of girders resting on the masonry are supported on 
steel bearing and bed plates bolted to the bridge seats; the bolt 
holes are slotted to allow for expansion and contraction for bridges 
up to 50 feet span, and for bridges over this limit, bearing and pin- 
centered bed plates with steel rollers are generally used. 

Generally speaking, though not the cheapest type of bridge to 
use, it is the most convenient when ample clearance can be had. 

Approximate weight and cost of Deck Plate Girder Spans from 
20 to 100 feet are given in table No. 23. 

Half Deck Plate Girders. (Fig. 25.) — Half deck plate bridges 
are fabricated in the same manner, but the girders, frame and 
bracings are shipped loose and field riveted to the girders when 
placed. The girders are widened out to allow train clearance 
between, as the floor is placed below the top flanges of the bridge; 
the brace frames being somewhat shallow are reinforced by gusset 
plates, which extend from the top to the bottom flanges in trian- 
gular form. 

The floor system, on account of the longer distance between 
girders, is very much heavier than the deck floor; in many cases 
it is built of steel and reinforced concrete, with ties embedded in 
ballast. 



w 



lroad smrcToiz : fst tmatbr 






- 
: : 

:: " _ 

ZZZ'l^lTS . 



-:-'.-- -_zl-.-~. in; --- . -■: :. . — -/■_ riv;.- 



:-r " : ir L-rr .S' -n. ; 



7 . . _- 



Deck and Through Trusses. Kg* 26 and 27. — Deck and 

- : iz-'.j.—.i r : - -.rliirs ire : - .-. n-- . :7:m n._--- ;.._■>- 
and shop riveted in sections for different members; tine 

: ri - 

" -t — ' : - --_ t" . .:._.::..;.":":. "; ■!:_ . inn 2 r7'-r - 

:: i - :ne iize 

Tir i-r*:> ;. :zr^ i:." 1 ;:— :::.:r nm— ii t'^:~ - mr". mi 

. ■ z-zi~. - —in ::. V—Z ' ' ' ni :•:" : — :ne f : : v: :ec : r_ - -7 ::' 
: i- 111m zlz-i^Tz :r .^ - 1 ;-:-::" .1 ::: :»r :._- in: nnnm:- in 
miii'i- ;i ~~i- 1 " ir 1 : :-- - 

:it ".1: -_\i " -■-- 1 - r.::~-'.:_- -7 : :. - :: • ; ; - 
-.-.;.---:.-:-:-- rmnn^-in i~ i - r~rz*i : ::e: - - . 
:-_ = -— 171 ::- ; 7'i.:e; : ; ii - :•:" n in nmiLi — 1 :ii irivy 
1 .:- . :7i.:inz .: :Li in: lined ir_i: : - 1 1 rii Tie -:-:: L= 



■•- -,-■ 



. ; - in i 
. :ii:e 



: - - i~e . -;.-:_ - :.-. i^n.i - : : '..:_-.:- i ii: i: 



_ \ 



Drawbridges, 

1 rlmiii: 

-1. .-- ". 1 ini: 1: 
7:^ ire -=e: 
A" 1 : niiiie 



: ". .- — I'T-i— -r.:rT"= i7e :i-7i;i-ei i- i 
:iiir: * :Lie :ir :ni in: ie\«: vi — 

I -. . . 1— ." .- ne n-ir- ■; pr-i-rii-r :r_e7i:- 

:er. 11: i: =e lif" : i ~-: ::.: ii 
- - =."lr_2 ."-:. ""..: :ie — i:e: :: : in ii 
■ in: ":.::" .. i Ir - -ii~ 1 71 -t-^ 



BRIDGES. 



55 



Live Load. — The steel bridges and trestles, for which weights 
and quantities are given, are assumed to carry, in addition to the 
dead load, two consolidated engines coupled as shown in diagram 
below, followed by a train load of 4000 pounds per lineal foot. 
Floor consists of wood ties, spaced and proportioned to carry the 
maximum wheel load, distributed over 3 ties, the outer fiber stress 
on the timber not to exceed 1000 pounds per square inch (without 
impact). 



337,000 lbs. 



190,000 



128,000 



337,000 lbs. 



190,000 



128,000 



z 



4- 



§5 §3 §5 S3 4,000 lbs. per ft. 
Train Load 



>k-9^»« 






-49 1 



K-10^, 
49^ 






^i.^ 



111 1 



Dead Load. — For calculating stresses the timber weight is 
assumed at 4 J pounds per foot B. M., and the weight of rails, spikes, 
and joints at 100 pounds per lineal foot of track. 



■ 



BATTJtOAD STRUCTURES AXD ESTIMATES. 




_= i. 



•• :•:•: 7 - 



~. 



Fig. 24. Deck Plate Gilders, 9* 0" centers. 



a.-. ?. : v-_Lr~- ~z::-ht a: - : : : -t :t 
;:-.:; i- -:." :-lz t=j-. :: 



:• - . ■ 





. :-.. 


. '.■-". : i 


::-" :: 


t :•:•; i: 


r . ~*t . 


S " :-: 


i- : 


:: 


f:o: 




:7;"t~ 



:•"::« 



A. 

.: 
: : 
4: 

50 

-:: 
:: 
*: 
:-: 
::: 



I 




!:•: 






Lr. 


Ft. 


:■:.= 


:.:_; 


: r 


. : 


:: ::: 


". . . 


' . . 


: 14 


;: 


::•: 


::■: 


4 : 


3 


:.- :•:•: 


:-:■: 


r7: 


8X14 


4: 


::•: 


1175 


5 6 


4 


.: ::: 


:: : 


14;: 


= 14 


'•: 


::■: 


I:-:-: 


-: : 


: : 


4: >:•: 


*:: 


::■:■: 


i 14 

8X14 


; : 


;:: 


.::: 


• : 


: : 


" :•:•■: 


r : : 


:»:•: 


70 


; r : 


;::: 


r : 


7 


73,500 


: : : • : 


!: _r 


■ 14 


*: 


4:: 


4:-: 


:: : 


• : 


92,000 


::!■: 


4-::: 


• 14 


v. 


4 r : 


:•::■: 


11 6 


9 


121,500 


:: r : 


-::"■ 


5 14 


:■:•: 


-•;•: 


::-■: 


13 


10 


150,000 


: r :: 


_r : : 


; 14 


110 


-: r : 


-:': 



BRIDGES. 



57 



Base of Rail 



CO 



a 



Lg. over all A ,J - 



3 — Br. Seat 



_\ 



-Span- 



Fig. 25. Half Deck Plate Girders, 13 ft. centers. 



^-Wood Ties 
& 



TABLE 24. — APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND COST OF STEEL HALF DECK 
PLATE BRIDGES (SINGLE TRACK). 



Length 

over 

all, 

ft. 



A. 
20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 



Base of 

rail to 

bridge 

seat, 

ft. and 

in. 



B. 

1 7 

1 7 

1 7 

2 6 
4 

4 9 

5 9 



Depth 
back to 
back of 

angles, 
ft. and 



C. 



Total 
weight. 



Lbs. 
13,000 

21,000 

30,000 

42,500 

60,000 

80,500 

100,000 



Weight 
of steel 
per ft. 

of 
bridge. 



Lbs. 
650 

700 

750 

850 

1000 

1150 

1250 



Cost of 

steel at 

5 cts. 

per lb. 



Bridge 

ties at 

12 in. 

centers. 



Dols. 
650 

1050 

1500 

2125 

3000 

4025 

5000 



In. 
8X16 

8X16 

8X16 

8X16 

8X16 

8X16 

8X16 



Aver. 

length 

of floor 

system. 



Ft. 
30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 



Cost of 
floor 

system 

per ft. 



Dols. 
150 

200 

250 

300 

350 

400 

450 



Total 
cost of 

steel 

and 

floor 
system . 



Dols. 
800 

1250 

1750 

2425 

3350 

4425 

5450 



Notes. 



For quantities in abutments and piers, see pages 62, 63, and 64. 



58 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




=*? 



Fig. 26. Deck Lattice Rivetted Trusses. 



TABLE 25. — APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND COST OF STEEL DECK LATTICE 
RIVETED TRUSS BRIDGES (SINGLE TRACK). 



c S3 

- -d 

g S 

a «- 

w o 

° h 

2 I 



Ft. 
9 

9 

16 

18 







O -g 


13 




*" £ 


3 


3 - 


fe 2 


> 


- 


= •_ 


o 

i 


c — 

CO 


•3 

— g 


09 


03 


c 2 


►3 


« 


Q ° 



A. 
Ft. 
100 


B. 

Ft. In. 

13 


C. 

Ft. In. 

10 6 


125 


16 


13 


150 


27 3 


25 6 


175 

900 


28 6 

30 fi 


28 

30 



Lbs. 
150,000 

225,000 

315,000 

420,000 



























o 


i- S3 
~ — 


s - 

- S> 


o • 

— = 

— b 

— B 

n >a 
— m 

O :_ 


>. fa 

X -_ 

•_ - 


o B 

o o 


73 S3 


c 2 

o * 


s - 


^ o 

> 
< 


o rt 

a i 

Dols. 




Do Is. 


In. 


Ft. 


Dols. 


1500 


7,500 


8X14 


110 


550 


8,050 


1800 


11,250 


8X14 


135 


675 


11,925 


2100 


15,750 


8X10 


160 


800 


16,550 


2400 


21,000 


8X10 


185 


925 


21,925 


2700 


27,000 


8X10 


210 


1050 


28,050 



a 



For quantities in abutments and piers, see pages 62, 63, and 64. 



BRIDGES. 



59 




v — ^ 



.am 



-20^1 



Fig. 27. Through Lattice Rivetted Trusses. 



TABLE 26. — APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND COST OF STEEL THROUGH 
RIVETED TRUSS BRIDGES (SINGLE TRACK). 



Length 
over 
all. 

A. 


Base of 

rail to 

bridge 

seat. 

B. 


Depth 
c. to c. 

of 
chords. 


Total 

weight. 


Weight 
of steel 
per ft. 

of 
bridge. 


Cost of 

steel at 
5 cts. 
per lb. 


Bridge 
ties at 
12-in. 

centers. 


Aver- 
age 
length 
of floor 

system. 


Cost of 
floor 

system 

3-1 o O 

per ft. 


Total 

cost of 

steel 

and 

floor 

system. 


Ft. 


Ft. In. 


Ft. In. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Dols. 


In. 


Ft. 


Dols. 


Dols. 


100 


6 


22 6 


180,000 


1800 


9,000 


8X10 


110 


550 


9,550 


125 


6 6 


25 


262,500 


2100 


13,125 


8X10 


135 


675 


13,800 


150 


7 


27 6 


360,000 


2400 


18,000 


8X10 


160 


800 


18,800 


175 


7 6 


30 0. 


472,700 


2700 


23,635 


8X10 


185 


925 


24,560 


200 


8 


32 6 


600,000 


3000 


30,000 


8X10 


210 


1050 


31,050 



Notes. 



For quantities in abutments and piers, see pages 62, 63, and 64. 



60 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




H. Deck f\\ Through 

Fig. 28. Half Deck and Through Drawbridges. 



TABLE 27. — APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND COST OF STEEL DRAWBRIDGES 

(SINGLE TRACK). ' . 



3 
A 

Ft. 
70 

130 

250 



3 


-2 w 


+j 


— i cp 

3# 




+3 


-S3 £ 


1 <4-i 
CO 

co a> 


"cD S3 
CD C 
+S ID 
CO -l^> 




*3 X! 
CI o 

8 *H 


'53 


co •- 


CO Pi 


'■5 es 


S3 fo 

— 1 CO 


Ui 

O co 

53 


w CO 

co b 


•t-i 
O 


° O 


* 


^ o 


*tt r/i 


0) o 


bo 2 




° 2 

o o 




js3 f-> 

£ 8 


o 
H 


ftp s 

'S «-i 


g K> 


a « 

(i .-I 
n 


> «t-i 
< ° 


O 

+= £ 

o 4) 


— 53 

£ B 
H c3 




Ft. In. 


Lbs. 


Lbs. 


Dols. 


Inches. 


Ft. 


Dols. 


Dols. 


H. deck pi. 


12 7 


75,000 


1070 


3,750 


8X15 


70 


420 


4,170 


Deck pi. 


9 


216,000 


1670 


10,800 


8X16 


130 


780 


11,580 


Thro' latt. 


18 6 


750, 000 


3000 


37,500 


8X10 


250 


1500 


39,000 



BRIDGES. 



61 



Bridge Abutments. 

Abutments may be built either of stone or concrete. For the 
latter, if current is strong, the up-stream corners should be stone- 
faced. Leave 4-inch clearance between face of ballast wall and 
end of girders. Frost batter of walls to be finished smooth. 



-*|AJ<- 




PLAN 



Fig. 29. Bridge Abutments. 



Bridge seats to be finished to a dead level throughout on tangents, 
and on curves given a slope parallel to the super-elevation of the 
outer rail, including tie seat on the ballast wall. 

On curves locate abutments normal to chord of span. 



- 



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BRIDGES. 



63 



Bridge Piers. 

Piers may be built either of concrete or stone. If of concrete, 
the up-stream cutwater exposed to the action of swift currents, 
ice, or driftwood should have stone facing, to about 3 feet above 
high water. 



Base of Kail 




I 






I 



CONCRETE BASE 



PLAN 



Fig. 29a. Bridge Piers. 
TABLE 31. —APPROXIMATE CUBIC YARDS IN ONE PIER. (Fig. 29a.) 



Width of piers. 


For girders 13-foot centers or less. Total height. 




" B." 


10 


14 


18 


22 


26 


30 


34 


38 


42 


46 


50 


54 


58 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. In. 
























4 


39 


56 


74 


93 


114 


137 


161 


186 


214 


243 


274 


306 


340 


4 6 


45 


64 


84 


105 


129 


155 


180 


208 


238 


269 


304 


338 


376 


5 


50 


71 


93 


118 


143 


171 


200 


231 


263 


298 


334 


371 


412 


5 6 


56 


79 


104 


131 


159 


189 


220 


254 


289 


326 


365 


406 


449 


6 


62 


88 


115 


144 


175 


207 


242 


278 


317 


358 


399 


443 


489 


6 6 


68 


96 


126 


158 


191 


227 


264 


303 


344 


387 


433 


480 


529 


7 


75 


106 


138 


172 


209 


247 


287 


329 


373 


420 


467 


518 


570 


7 6 


81 


115 


150 


187 


226 


267 


310 


355 


403 


454 


504 


558 


614 


8 


88 


124 


165 


203 


245 


289 


335 


383 


434 


486 


541 


598 


657 



64 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 32. — APPROXIMATE CUBIC YARDS IX ONE PIER. (Fig. 29a.) 



Width of piers. 


For girders over 13-foot centers up to 20-foot centers. 


Total height. 


.. B ,, 


10 


14 


18 


22 


26 


30 


34 


38 42 


46 


50 


54 


58 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. 


Ft. In. 


























6 


83 


117 


152 


190 


231 273 318 


364 415 467 


520 


576 635 


6 6 


90 


127 


166 


208| 251 297 345 


395 4481 503 


561 


621 683 


7 


98 


139 


181 


225 


272 321| 373 


427 483 543 


603 


667 733 


7 6 


106 


150 


195 


243 


293' 346| 401 


458 519 583 


647 


715 786 


8 


114 


161 


211 


262 


316 372 431 


492| 557 


622 


692 


764 837 


8 6 


123 


174 


227 


281 


339 399 461 


528! 595 


664 


738 


812 891 


9 


132 


186 


241 


301 


362 426j 492 


562 1 632 


707 


783 


861 941 



When it is necessary to carry abutments or piers on piles, a 
grillage of 12"X12" timbers embedded in concrete is very com- 
monly used to form a base over the piles as shown in Fig. 29a. 

The piles and timbers are placed about 3-foot centers, and the 
quantities per square foot of area covered (D. X E.) would be 
approximately as follows: 

Number of piles 0.12 X D. E. 

Cubic vards concrete 0.06 X D. E. 

Ft. B. M. timber 8.0 X D. E. 

Estimate for concrete base and pile foundation from above 
data : 

Piles 20 feet long, D. 9 feet and E. 18 feet = 162 square feet. 

No. of piles 162 X .12= 19 X 20 = 380 ft. at 25 cts $95.00 

Ft. B. M. 12 X 12 timbers 162 X 8 = 1296 ft. B. M. at $30.. 38.88 
Cu. yds. concrete, 162 X .06 = 9.7 cu. yds. at $8 77. 60 

Total $201 . 48 

In addition to the concrete base it is usually necessary to 
place caissons or wood cribs around the piers, forming a water- 
tight box from which the water is pumped so that the founda- 
tions can be laid dry. These boxes are made up of 12"X12" 
timbers framed and braced, or sheet piling, either wood or steel, 
is often used. The cost and quantities vary with the nature of 
foundation and are usually paid for at unit prices. 



BRIDGES. 65 

In place of the concrete and timber base sometimes a solid 
floor 24 inches thick made up of 12"X12" timbers drift-bolted 
together is used as a floating platform on which the masonry is 
built, and sunk into position over the piles, the piles having pre- 
viously been cut off by an under-water saw. 

The objection to this method is the liability in case of an ice 
shove for the pier to slide between the platform and piles. 

All piers and abutments should be sufficiently protected from 
scour, which is one of the chief sources of bridge failures. This 
can only be done by taking foundations down to solid bottom 
and anchoring the masonry to the foundation bed by large stone 
bolts, or dowels. 

In running water they should be further protected by stone 
riprapping all around; and when the clearance is limited and 
severe ice shoves are likely to occur, crib protection piers filled 
with stones, placed 25 to 50 feet ahead of each pier up stream, 
should be used. 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Timber Trestles. 

Timber trestles are of two types, pile and frame, and are used 
principally for rapid or cheap firs:- si ^:ruetion, to be even- 
tually filled or replaced by permanent structure b sri —me future 
date. 

~ie structure must be made rigid by sway bracing the bents 
crosswise and longitudinally, to withstand the pull from a mov- 
ing train, or the thrust when brakes are applied. Trestle fail- 
ures are frequently caused by insufficient bracing. Trestles of 
long lengths should have fire breaks: that is. a few bents at vary- 
ing intervals should be filled in or made fireproof, so that should 
a fire occur, the whole trestle will not be destroyed. 

Frame Trestles. Fig. 30a.] — The bents are made of square 
timber framed together and braced, the economic limit o: 
being probably 100 feet. The foundation may be piles cut off 
I around level, with timber sills on top or masonry piers. The 
I res mu-" - :._ > rigid by bracing transversely and longi- 
tudinally throughout. 

Approximate cost and quantities are given in table Xo. 35. 

Pile Trestles. Fig. 30. — The bents are formed of several 
piles with caps and sway bracing, the floor consisting of longi- 
tudinal strings: s with rose ties, or solid plank with ballast floor 
on top. 

Owing to the long length of piles required, they rarely exceed 
30 feet in height. 

7 ighta over 10 feet up to 20 feet, longitudinal bra<:: _ 

should be inserted at least every fifth panel; over 25 feet every 
alternative panel should be braced, arranged so as to hold the 
; sta midway to stiffen ther.. - "/imns. 

Approximate cost and quantities re given in tables Xo. 33 
and 34. 



TRESTLES. 



67 




Pile Bents 
6'to 15' 



12x12x6 Sills 



Piles used in 
Soft or Swampy ground 



Fig. 30. Pile Trestle. 



Fig. 30a. Frame Trestle. 



a 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 33. — PIL^. rRESTLE: SINGLE TRACK. (Fig. 30., APPROXIMATE 
.//A-YTITIES ABB COST COMPLETE. 



len: 



a 
10 
15 

:: 

25 



. r :_ -- : r: 



35 

30 

:: 

-.: 



.:•:: :ys:^~ 



t . - '. ■. a::::z.- 

B. II . m. Cost at mate total 

perft. v ; Ida cost per 

::' -r \r l»^> porB lineal ft. 
trestle Z> :-s-.- 



:• 



1 


ta . 10 


220 


$7.70 


20 


$1.20 


9 


2 70 


230 


: :\ 


:: 


1.32 


10 


3.00 


:-.'. 


8.40 


24 


. H 


12 


3.60 


-r. 


■ -\ 


:-: 


1.56 


17 


5 10 


an 


9.10 


-S 


1.60 


lr 


: "". 


871 


\ -.: 


30 


: K 



$11.00 
12.00 

:: M 

13.91 
L5.H 

1: r: 



13 



TABLE 34. — ?ZLZ TRESTLE: SINGLE TRACK. Fiz. 30. 
QUANTITIES AND 3081 X .VPLETE. 
Bents 15-foot cent 



a..:: :c::atz 



Z::::~ ::' 

5 ... :■: ::: 

of cap. 



5 

:: 

15 
20 
25 

•: 



No. 

:e~ " 



Z - 



Bracing and floor system. 



A - : - 
-'- 

.- :.r . 
- - : : 



"" pa 

------- 



7- 






per 



Cost at B. ML $ Cost at mate total 

per 11. . . 6 cents cost per 

per ft. of 

B. M. zT™ 



_ . 


- 




::: 


$7.00 


IS 


$0.90 


ss 


9 


. " 


::: 


" 15 


20 


1 00 


30 


10 


3.00 


::: 


. _. 


-. 


1.10 


' 


:. 


3.60 


230 


; '■- 


M 


1.20 


4 


11 


5 10 


.-:. 


• -.'. 


26 


1.30 


4: 


19 


" " 


z 


• " 


.* 


1.40 



$10.00 
11.05 
:: N 
. .' 
M H 
15.85 



r.- .- i-1 



not included. For cost, see p. 13. 



TRESTLES. 



69 



TABLE 35. — FRAME TRESTLE : SINGLE TRACK. (Fig. 30a.) APPROXIMATE 

QUANTITIES AND COST. 

Bents 15-foot centers. 
Bents, bracings, sills, caps, stringers, and floor system. 



Height. 

Base of 
rail to bot- 
tom of sill. 


Ft. B. M. per 

lineal ft. of 

trestle. 


Cost at $35 

per M. ft. 

B. M. 


Iron per ft. of 
trestle, lbs. 


Cost at 5 cts. 
per lb. 


Total cost per 
lineal ft. of 
trestle. 


Ft. 












20 


300 


$10.50 


20 


$1.00 


$11.50 


25 


350 


12.25 


20 


1.00 


13.50 


30 


400 


14.00 


20 


1.00 


15.00 


35 


450 


15.75 


22 


1.10 


16.85 


40 


500 


17.50 


24 


1.20 


17.70 


45 


550 


19.25 


26 


1.30 


20,55 


50 


600 


21.00 


28 


1.40 


22.40 


55 


650 


22.75 


30 


1.50 


24.25 


60 


700 


24.50 


32 


1.60 


26.10 


65 


750 


26.25 


34 


1.70 


27.95 


70 


800 


28.00 


36 


1.80 


29.80 


75 


900 


31.50 


38 


1.90 


33.40 


80 


950 


33.25 


40 


2.00 


35.25 


85 


1000 


35.00 


42 


2.10 


37.10 


90 


1050 


36.75 


44 


2.20 


38.95 


95 


1100 


38.50 


46 


2.30 


40.80 


100 


1150 


40.25 


48 


2.40 


42.65 



Pile foundation extra. Masonry foundation extra. 
Rails and fastenings not included. For cost, see p. 13. 



70 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Steel Trestles. 

For permanent work, in some instances a high steel trestle 
will be less costly than a fill embankment. 

The tower spans are usually made 30 to 40 feet, and the spans 
between vary from 30 to 80 feet, depending on the height of 
bents. They are generally made wide enough at the base so as not 
to require anchorage. 

H. E. Vautlet's rule for estimating steel trestles, used by the 
Canadian Pacific Railroad for preliminary estimates, is as follows: 

Steel trestles up to 100 feet in height with 30-foot towers and 
60-foot spans. (Fig. 31.) 

- 100 + .4 C. D. feet. 

= 350 + 1.25 CD. feet. 

= (C. D. feet X 850) + (S. X 14). 

= A. B. feet. 



Number of piles 
Masonry in cubic yards 
Weight steel in pounds 
Length of floor 



Base of Rail 




M 

Fig. 31. 

Approximate estimate steel trestle on pile foundation from 
the above (trestle 50 feet high at center, track rails and fasten- 
ings not included): A. B. 2400 feet, C. D. 2100 feet, S. 63,000 
square feet. Piles 20 feet long. 

Piles, 100+ (0.4X2100)- 940X20 feet long each= 18,800 lineal 

feet at 20 cts $3, 760 . 00 

Masonrv, 300+ (1.25X2100) = 2925 cubic yards at $7 20,475.00 

Steel, (2100X900)+ (63,000X14) = 2,772,000 lbs. at 4 cts 110,880.00 

Floor system, 2400 lineal feet at $5 12,000.00 

or, about S62 per lineal foot of trestle. $147 ' U50 ° 

In this instance, unless for other specific reasons, it would 
evidently be much cheaper to fill, as the cost per cubic yard for 
filling would have to exceed 80 cents to make the cost equivalent 
to a steel viaduct. 



HOWE TRUSS BRIDGES. 



71 



Howe Truss Bridges. 

For branch lines in a timber country and for temporary bridg- 
ing, Howe truss spans are often used. The chords and braces are 
made of timber and the vertical rods of steel usually upset, with 
cast-iron blocks at the angles of braces, which are bolted or 
doweled into the main members. The best class of timber is 
used with as few splices as possible. 

The loads, quantities, and weights in the table of cost are from 
Johnson's modern frame structures, taken from the Oregon Pacific 
(A. A. Schenck, chief engineer) and published in the Engineer- 
ing News, April 26, 1890. The live load assumed was two 88-ton 
engines followed by a train load of 3000 pounds per foot. 

For deck bridges add 20 per cent to the weight of the timber 
and deduct 20 per cent from the weight of the wrought iron. 

To protect the chords from engine sparks, galvanized iron is 
often used. Sometimes also the timbers are treated by a chemical 
process to prevent or retard decay, or whitewashed with a fire- 
resistant compound. They require to be closely inspected at all 
times. 

TABLE 36. — APPROXIMATE COST, WEIGHTS AND QUANTITIES FOR HOWE 

TRUSS BRIDGES. 



Length 


Style of 
truss. 


Height 
. of 

truss. 


No. of 
panels. 


Total dead 

and live 

load per 

ft. 


Estimated quantities. 


Approxi- 


of 
span. 


Timber, 
ft. B. M. 


Wrought 
iron. 


Cast 
iron. 


mate cost 
erected. 


Ft. 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

90 

100 

110 

120 

130 

140 

150 


Pony 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
Through 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 
...do... 


Ft. 
9 
11 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 
25 


4 
4 
6 
6 
7 
8 
9 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 


6000 
5500 
5200 
4900 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4800 
4700 
4700 
4700 


10,200 
13,400 
19,100 
22,800 
30,000 
35,400 
42,800 
41,900 
48,900 
54,800 
62,100 
70,200 
78,200 
86,700 


Lbs. 

2,200 

3,000 

5,700 

6,800 

17,500 

22,000 

28,700 

33,100 

41,600 

48,200 

56,900 

67,300 

73,900 

87,300 


Lbs. 

1,000 

1,300 

2,900 

3,700 

8,300 

10,000 

12,600 

13,300 

14,300 

16,000 

18,300 

20,900 

23,300 

27,100' 


Dols. 
550 
740 
1170 
1410 
2480 
3010 
3890 
4020 
4810 
5290 
6350 
7320 
8100 
9330 



Prices assumed : Timber, $35 per M. ft. B. M. erected; steel, 5 cts. per pound erected; 
cast iron, 4 cts per pound erected. 

Supervision and contingencies, 10%. 



72 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 





Z 
< 



-oos- 



© 

© 

© 

> 

o 



CO 



0.8 



SUBWAY AND OVERHEAD CROSSINGS. 



73 



Subway and Overhead Crossings. 

The natural location very often decides whether the crossing 
will be over or under the tracks. In towns and cities in many cases 
the railroads are compelled to raise their tracks and provide sub- 
ways for city traffic to the detriment of railroad traffic. 

When team, street car, and foot traffic is very heavy and dense 
this may be necessary; when car and team traffic, however, is light, 
and foot traffic considerable, an overhead crossing is generally 
adopted, as the cost is a great deal less. 

Approximate cost. — The approximate cost of overhead crossings 
for team and foot traffic only (Fig. 32), varies from $1.25 to $2.00 
per square foot of area covered. 

For overhead crossings for teams, street car service, and foot 
traffic, the cost varies from $2.00 to $3.00 per square foot of area 
covered. (Fig. 33.) 



48 



* Plank ^ L-6°-x JLl° Joists MZo * nr ^n 



Wood Blocks 1% 



m 




-20- 




Fig. 33. Cross-Section Overhead Bridge. 



For subways, steel girders, and reinforced concrete (Fig. 34), 
the cost varies from $5.00 to $8.00 per square foot of area covered, 
including approaches. 



74 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 







.■•P.":':':*'?-' V-" •°.''-.V6 : "- $?• tt 










CO 

bib 



SUBWAY AND OVERHEAD CROSSINGS. 75 



Construction. (Fig. 32.) 

Overhead Crossings. — Retaining walls and piers concrete to 
five feet below finished ground level, portion over tracks between 
opposite retaining walls, steel viaduct with roadway supported on 
steel and wood joists, covered with plank and wood block paving, 
with sidewalk carried on iron brackets. 

The space inclosed by the retaining walls is filled in and finished 
with macadam roadway on top, and the sidewalk continued on one 
side carried on cedar sills, with a handrail on either side. 

Subways. (Fig. 34.) — Abutments and piers reinforced con- 
crete to five feet below finished subway grade, tracks carried 
overhead by steel girders and frames incased in concrete with 
reinforced concrete slab floor, carrying the ballast and track. 

APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE OF OVERHEAD ROAD CROSSING. (Fig. 32.) 

(40 feet wide X 1100 feet long.) 

Excavation used for filling — 

Concrete walls and piers, 3700 cubic yards at $7 $25,900.00 

Steel erected, 425,000 pounds at 5 cts 21, 250 . 00 

Railing, 1500 lineal feet at 75 cts 1,125.00 

Sidewalk, 800 lineal feet at $2 1,600.00 

Flooring, 60,000 feet B. M. at S40 2,400.00 

Wood block paving, 1500 square yards at $3.50 5,250.00 

Macadam on approaches, 1800 cubic yards at 50 cts 900.00 

Earth fill, 7400 cubic yards at 50 cts 3,700.00 

$62,025.00 

Supervision and contingencies, 10% 6,275.00 

Total $68,300.00 

or $1.55 per square foot of area covered. 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTDIATES. 



Guards. 

Bridge and Trestle Guards. — For through and deck bridges, 
including trestles, it is customary to make provision by guards for 
the protection of trains in case of derailment, on and approaching 
the structure to prevent a wreck. 

Wood Guards. — The ordinary wood guard consists of an 
8" X 10" timber, placed on each side of the structure about 6 feet 
from center of track, with a 5" X 8" inner guard, placed about 
3 feet 6 inches from the center of track on each side; these timbers 
lapped down and bolted to the floor system, the inner guard 
being flared out at each end for about 30 feet, to meet the outer 
guard after passing off the bridge. 

The cost of the wood guard is usually included in the floor system 
of the structure. 

Jordan Guard. — The Jordan guard is made by placing two or 
three lines of light rails inside the track rails, equally spaced and 
parallel with them: at each end of the structure the rails nearest the 
track are sometimes curved to meet at a point in the center of the 
track, a distance of 20 feet or thereabouts, or the head portions of 
the rails are flared off at the ends and a metal plate used, fastened 
to the ties. 

The rails are carried over the entire structure, and sometimes for 
a distance of 50 to 100 feet beyond the ballast walls. 

The cost of the Jordan guard, using three old rails, at $20.00 per 
ton, is approximately 75 cents to $1.00 per lineal foot. 



RETAINING WALLS. 



77 



TABLE 37. 



"3 
'S 

w 


o . 

Q «■ 

o •= 
a 


« "> 

CM d 

o — ' 

< •£ 
XI 




K— 2 4^->J 

■wi. i'V>! 

3£j : ! ^ 


^ 

^ 
^ 


Cubic yards 

per foot run 

for each course 


Cubic yards 

per foot run 

for each height 


5.5 

JS 
'S 






X/' 


1 






i 




, \ MASONRY 






1 


2 










" /,.' % RETAINING WALL 






2 


3 






J< 


j 


S S "» %• MINIMUM HEIGHT 8 FEET. 






3 


4 






t 


» 


■3 m !d Vt» DOES N0T INCLUDE 
5 W ™ \V> COPING NOR FOOTINGS. 






4 


5 








L 








5 


6 






i 


1 ^ 


eV \ 






1.0000 


6 


7 






|6' 


6'®/ | 






1.2281 


7 


8 


6.44 


39.59 


V 


, ■ a 
67 




0.2385 


1.4667 


8 


9 


6.73 


46.32 


8" 


6'lOM 


5A 


0.2492 


1.7156 


9 


10 


7.02 


53.34 


J9" 


?V 




0.2600 


1.9756 


10 


11 


7.31 


60.64 


no" 


7W 


10"\ 


0.2707 


2.2459 


11 


12 


7.60 


68.24 


rn" 


7'9" 




0.2814 


2.5274 


12 


13 


7.90 


76.14 


Pl2" 


8%" 


15" \ 


0.2926 


2.8200 


13 


14 


8.19 


84.33 


ri3" 


8 V 




0.3033 


3.1233 


14 


15 


8.48 


92.81 


ri4" 


8'7>| 


20 'A 


0.3140 


3.4374 


15 


16 


8.77 


101.58 


ris" 


8'll" 




0.3247 


3.7622 


16 


17 


9.06 


110.64 


ri6" 


9W 


25" A 


0.3356 


4.0978 


17 


18 


9.35 


120.00 


rir 


9'6" 




0.3463 


4.4445 


18 


19 


9.65 


129.64 


r is" 


9'9X 


30" A 


0.3574 


4.8015 


19 


20 


9.94 


139.58 


r 19- 


10V 




0.3681 


5.1696 


20 


21 


10.23 


149.81 


r 20" 


10 W 


35" A 


0.3789 


5.5485 


21 


22 


10.52 


160.33 


J C »' 


10 's" 




0.3896 


5.9382 


22 


23 


10.81 


171.14 


fSF 22" 


io'uj/ 


40" '\g 


0.4004 


6.3015 


23 


24 


11.10 


182.25 


Ml 23 ° 


llV 


\^. 


0.4112 


6.7500 


24 


25 


11.40 


193.65 


Si 24° 


n'ej/ 


A 


0.4222 


7.1722 


25 


26 


11.69 


205.34 


r 25" 


ll'lO" 




0.4330 


7.6052 


26 


27 


11.98 


217.32 


r 26" 


12'lK 


50" A 


0.4438 


8.0489 


27 


28 


12.27 


229.59 


f 27' 


12 '5 " 




0.4545 


8.5034 


28 


29 


12.56 


242.15 


\- 28" 


12'8j/ 


55" A 


0.4653 


8.9685 


29 


30 


12.85 


255.00 


f 29" 


13'0* 




0.4761 


9.4445 


30 


31 


13.15 


268.15 


f 30* 


13'®/ 


60" A 


0.4869 


9.9315 


31 


32 


13.44 


281.59 


r 3i" 


13'7* 




0.497S 


10.4293 


32 


33 


13.73 


295.32 


r 32" 


13'lOj/ 


05" A 


0.5086 


10.9378 


33 


34 


14.02 


309.34 


r 33- 


14'2' 




0.5193 


11.4533 


34 


35 


14.31 


323.65 


34" 


14'5K 


70' A 


0.5300 


11.9S70 


35 


36 


14.60 


338.25 


r 35" 


14'9" 




0.5407 


12.5278 


36 


37 


14.90 


353.15 


j l 36" 


15W 


75" A 


0.5515 


13.0795 


37 


38 


15.18 


368.33 


r 3?" 


15V 




0.5622 


13.6419 


38 


39 


15.48 


383.81 


r 38- 


15'7K 


80" \ 


0.5731 


14.2152 


39 


40 


15.77 


399.58 


r 39- 


15 'll" 




0.5S41 


14.7993 |40 


40" 85" 



Fig. 35. 



TS 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTLMATES. 



Retaining Walls. 

Description. — Retaining walls are built to sustain earth, sand 
or other filling deposited behind it, after it is erected. 

Fig. 35 illustrates a retaining wall, which has been used by the 
C. P. R.. in rock-faced masonry construction, and the quantities 
given are conveniently tabulated for estimating purposes, Table 37. 

C-:'- 



i/__ ^ ".-::. lr 



a^ =1:-- - :::ii- _^r= - jr — — "*- 




J7.J 



1.0 4- 



-il :- 



-iS'o 1 - 



.___ 



..71- 



"ll'-i- 



.: - 



2 : ^ : 



f. •-.;>/ 



_ 36. Retaining Wall, 
H. Y. C. ft H. R. R. 



: - 37. Retaining Wall, Harlem 
River Speedway. 



Fig. 36 illustrates the Standard retaining wall section. 18 feet 
high. New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, built in good 
soil, with first class quality rock-faced ashlar, set in cement. 

Fig. 37 illustrates a retaining wall designed for the Harlem River 
Speedway. New York, as illustrated in the Engineering Record, 
Oct. 6, 1894. 



RETAINING WALLS. 



79 



Construction. — Masonry for bridge and retaining walls is 
usually rock-faced, with edges pitched true to line and exact 
batter, and finished with dimension stone coping on top. The 
courses should not be less than 14 inches, or more than 30 inches 
thick, diminishing regularly from bottom to top. Mortar beds not 
over one-half inch thick when laid, face joints squared at least 
12 inches deep. The walls must be well bonded throughout with 
headers at least 4 feet long, occupying one-fifth face of wall, with 
stretchers not less than 4 feet long, having at least one and one- 
quarter times as much bed as thickness of course. 




Fig. 38. Eetaining Wall, C. B. & Q. Ey. 

Where wall is less than 3 feet, the face stone should pass entirely 
through. 

Backing, large stone, roughly bedded and neatly jointed, joints 
not to exceed 1 inch. At least one-half of the stone to be of the 
same size as face stone, with parallel ends. 

Frost batters to be built without projecting stones, sloped and 
finished smooth with a coat of neat cement. 

Weep holes for drainage to be provided; in place of holes 2-inch 
iron pipe may be used. 



80 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Cost. — The cost of rock-faced ashlar retaining walls varies 
considerably, depending on the location and proximity to quarries, 
and ranges from $8.00 to $25.00 per cubic yard in place. 

Excavation ordinary per cubic yard 25 to 50 cents. 

Excavation hard with boulders . 50 to 75 cents. 

Excavation rock benching $2.00 to $3.50. 

Fig. 38 illustrates a cross section of a typical reinforced concrete 
retaining wall 20 feet high, C. B. & Q. Ry., in connection with the 
work of elevating its tracks at Chicago. 



CRIBS. 



81 



Cribs. 

Crib Work. — For cheap first cost or temporary construction 
across or alongside water fronts or embankments, or for abut- 
ments, piers, dams, retaining walls, wharves, etc., wooden cribs 
are used extensively. Figs. 39, 40, and 40a. 

CRIB ABUTMENTS AMD PIERS 




Fig. 39. 



The bottoms of the cribs are constructed to suit the irregu- 
larities or unevenness of the ground, any deposit or obstruction 
in the bottom being removed so that a section when sunk in 
place will take an even bearing throughout; when filled with 
ballast the top of the crib should be reasonably straight and in 
good alignment. Sometimes the portion under low water level 
is built of several cribs, piles being driven on the outer line 
of the work against which the cribs may be floated and sunk, 
the guide piles being cut off below low water after the work is 
completed. 

Construction. — The timbers are usually cedar under water 
and tamarac above with bark removed; the outer timbers are 
hewn or sawn perfectly true and parallel on two opposite sides 
to a face of at least 9 inches, and from 10 to 12 inches thick, the 
joints made as close as possible without dressing and so laid as 
to break joint; all cross ties are dovetailed; notches are cut in 



82 



RAILWAY STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



the face timbers to receive the dovetails, one-half into the course 
above and one-half into the course below; timbers at the angles 
are halved and carefully dovetailed. All timbers held by drift 
bolts | inch in diameter, equal to a depth of not less than 
3£ courses; sometimes tree nails of oak or rock-elm are used in 
place of drifts. 




h iV >fr i'o 5 >f-— < V-' -*j 

Fig. 40. 



The cross and longitudinal ties may be round logs long enough 
to pass completely through the crib from side to side; when they 
intersect they are boxed down on each other and bolted. 

A close floor of cedar spars, not less than 8 inches in diameter, 
is laid on the first tier of cross ties to hold the ballast, or stone 
filling; sometimes the floor is laid solid crosswise of the crib and 
resting on bottom longitudinal face courses. 



APPROXIMATE COST OF CRIBBING IN PLACE. 

Squared timbers per thousand feet board measure $30.00 to $50.00 

Round cedar timbers per foot . 12 to .20 

Iron in crib per pound . 04 to .06 

Filling (stone or ballast) per cubic yard . 25 to 1 . 50 

Leveling off and clearing (dry) per cubic yard . 20 to .30 

Leveling off and clearing (wet) . 50 to 1 . 00 



CRIBS. 



83 



Crib Abutments. (Fig. 40a.) — For permanent structures on 
high fill embankments timber crib abutments are sometimes 
placed, when the cost of masonry to solid ground would be 
excessive and out of proportion to the balance of the structure. 
After a number of years, when the bank is solidified, the crib 
may be removed and a masonry abutment placed in the usual 
way. 

Base of Kail 




Fig. 40a. 



These piles only at 

3-Et.Ct's. 



APPROXIMATE COST OF ONE CRIB ABUTMENT. 

5000 feet board measure timber at $30 $150.00 

16 piles 30 feet long each = 480 feet at 20 cts 96.00 

500 pounds iron in above at 5 cts 25 . 00 

Back filling, etc 29.00 

Total $300.00 



84 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Tunnels. 

Any tunnel work will usually require a special survey and care- 
ful investigation before being undertaken. 

They are generally built straight, and are usually dug from 
each end. 

The construction depends on the nature of the material; in 
very soft ground a circular cross section is used or an inverted 
arch along the bottom with tapering sides and a semi-circle along 
the top. 

The general construction is usually a rectangle with a semi- 
circle or semi-ellipse top, lined on the inside and graded through- 
out its length so as to drain with open gutters on the sides. 

When wood lining is used it is made extra wide so as to allow' for 
a permanent lining at a future date. 

Any Crevices made by the material falling outside of the con- 
struction line are filled with dry broken stone, rock, or split cord 
wood. 

When intermediate shafts are built they are generally closed 
up when the tunnel is complete, as they tend to produce cross 
currents of air, which retard ventilation. The movement of 
the train through the tunnel is said to be the best ventilator. 
In long tunnels power-driven fans are sometimes used. 

The ordinary wood or rock tunnel sections in common use are 
shown on Figs. 41 and 42, and their average cost is about as 
follows: 

Fig. 41, Post section with lagging: 

Excavating 18 cubic yards per lineal foot. 

Timber, 450 feet B. M. per lineal foot. 

Cost per lineal foot $45 to $55 without track or ballast. 

Post section without lagging: 

Excavating 18 cubic yards per lineal foot. 

Timber 350 feet B. M. per lineal foot. 

Cost per lineal foot $35 to $45 without track or ballast. 

Fig. 42, Rock section: 

Excavating 14 cubic yards per lineal foot. 

Cost per lineal foot, $50 to $65 without track or ballast. 



TUNNELS. 



85 



Portals. — The end portals for the tunnel consist of 12"X12" 
posts spaced 2-foot centers for a distance of 8 feet from the ends, 
with 12"Xl2" timbers built over and across the end posts, to 
form retaining wall on top; the end walls are also braced with 



Split Cordwood 




Figs. 41 and 42. Tunnels. 



12"X12" timbers forming wing walls running parallel with the 
track at an angle of 45 degrees at one-third and two-thirds the 
height with lining behind if necessary to take the end slope of 
the hill; the brace posts are secured at the bottom by extending 
the main sill. 

The timber in the portal as described above would be 3000 feet 
B. M. per foot for the last 8 feet of the tunnel at either end. The 



86 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



length of extra timbering and wing walls to form portals will 
vary to suit each individual case, 8 feet being the minimum. 

TABLE 38. — COST FIGURES FROM DRINKER'S " TUNNELING." 





Cost per cubic yard. 


Cost per lineal foot. 


Material. 


Excavation. 


Masonry. 


Single. 


Double. 




Single. 


Double. 


Single. 


Double. 


Hard rock 


$5.89 
3.12 
3.62 


$5.45 
3.48 
4.64 


$8.25 

9.07 

10.50 


$12.00 
10.41 
15.00 


$69.76 

80.61 

135.31 


$142.82 


Loose rock 


119.26 


Soft ground 


174.42 







BUILDINGS. 



87 



CHAPTER V. 

BUILDINGS. 

Tool Houses. 

In the maintenance of track the road is divided into sections 
ranging from 4 to 8 miles or thereabout, each section being looked 
after by a gang of men under a foreman who is responsible for its 
safety to the roadmaster. A tool house to hold the hand car 
and tools is usually provided for each section, and is generally 
located on the right of way close to a public road, or near a 
station, and within easy reach of the section foreman's house; 
it is set back far enough so that the hand car can be pulled out 
to stand clear of the tool-house door when open, and passing 
trains, placed when possible alongside the main track clear of 
switches. 

































,' 


,' 


7 




\ 


\ 


'» 


'» 
























/ 


^ 


































































■f- 














" 




















































Single Tool House. 



Fig. 43. 



Plan Single House. 



The minimum distance should not be less than 9 feet from the 
nearest rail. 

Approximate Cost. 

Fig. 43, single, 10 feet wide, 12 feet long and 7 feet high, erected 
complete, $65 to $90 each. 



- 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES 




Double Tool House. 




Plan Double House. 
fig. 44. 

Fig. 44. double, 10 feet wide. 24 feet long and 7 feet high, 
erected complete. Si 25 to $170 each. 

-uction. — Plank or cedar sill foundation for flat ground, 
and cedar posts 6-inch diameter about 5-foot centers, or old 
bridge stringers, when on sloping ground. 

SiU 4"X4" all round the outer walls, joiste 4 - at 2-foot 
centers, covered with 2-inch plank. 

2-inch by 4-inch studs, 2-foot centers doubled at door open- 
ings and all corners. 4/4" wall plstee 7 feet high from floor. 
aide boarded with t"i ncn rough plank finished with seven- 
ths ship lap or drop siding with TXo" planed, top, bottom 
and corner boards. 



TOOL HOUSES. 



89 



Rafters, 2-inch by 4-inch, 2-foot centers, one-third pitch roof 
covered with J-inch rough boards and shingles with building 
paper between, gable ends. 

A small window is provided at each end, a double door facing 
the track, opening outwards, about 7 feet wide, with stringers 
and light platform from the house to the track, for convenience 
in taking the hand car out and in. The door is provided with 
chain staple and switch padlock. 

Double Tool House. — A double tool house is usually two 
single tool houses under one roof, built when a single house is 
considered too small, or when circumstances make it convenient 
to have two gangs at one point. 

Approximate estimates of cost. 

SINGLE TOOL HOUSE. 



Quantities. 


Material. 


Labor. 


Total Unit. 


Cost. 


2000 ft. B. M. lumber per thou- 
sand ft. B. M 


$17.00 
2.00 
3.00 
5.00 


$13.00 
2.00 
2.00 
7.00 


$30 . 00 
4.00 


$60.00 


2000 shingles per thousand 

Hardware and glass 


8.00 
5 00 


Painting 




12.00 








Total 


$85 . 00 













DOUBLE TOOL 


BOUSE. 






Quantities. 


Material. 


Labor. 


Total unit. 


Cost. 


3500 ft. B. M. lumber per thou- 
sand ft. B. M 


$17.00 
2.00 
6.00 
9.00 


$13.00 

2.00 

4.00 

12.00 


$30 . 00 
4.00 


$105.00 


4000 shingles per thousand 

Hardware and glass 


16.00 
10 00 


Painting 




21.00 








Total 


$152.00 













STANDARD SIZES OF TOOL HOUSES ON VARIOUS RAILROADS. 



Pennsylvania 16 ft. by 30 ft. 

Pennsylvania 16 ft. by 20 ft. 

Pennsylvania 12 ft. by 14 ft. 

Cincinnati Southern 12 ft. by 16 ft. 

Union Pacific 10 ft. by 14 ft. 

Atchison, Topeka & 

Santa Fe 12 ft. by 16 ft. 

* Double. 



Philadelphia and 

Reading 10 ft. by 13 ft. 

Canadian Pacific and 

Northern Pacific 10 ft. by 24 ft.* 
Canadian Pacific and 

Northern Pacific 10 ft. by 12 ft.f 
Lehigh Valley 16 ft. by 20 ft. 

f Single. 



90 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Tool Equipment. 

Tools to supply every man in the gang and several extra for 
repair purposes are required, for each section. 

The kind of tools used vary according to the ballast and other 
conditions, and the following is an average list of the minimum 
equipment for section gang of foreman and three men: 



Adzes 2 

Axes 1 

Bars, claw 2 

Bars, crow 2 

Bars, lining. . 2 

Bars, tamping 2 

Boards, elevation 1 

Brooms 1 

Cars, hand 1 

Cars, push 1 

Chisel rail 5 

Cup, tin 1 

Flags, red 2 

Flags, yellow 2 

Grindstone 1 

Gauge, track 1 

Globes, red 2 

Globes, white 2 

Globes, yellow 2 

Hammers, maul 2 

Hammers, nail 1 

Hammers, sledge 1 

Handles, adze 1 

Handles, axe 1 

Handles, maul 2 

Approximate cost. 

1 car, hand 

1 car, push 

1 car, dump platform 

1 rail blender 

1 rail drill 

Balance as per list 



Handles, pick 2 

Jack track 1 

Lanterns 4 

Levels, spirit pocket 1 

Levels, track 1 

Oil can 1 

Oiler 1 

Oil (signal), pints 4 

Padlock, key, and chain 2 

Pail, water 1 

Picks and handles 4 

Platform dumping for push cars 1 

Ratchet and 3 drills 1 

Rail tongs 2 

Saws, hand 1 

Saws, cross cut 1 

Scythe, complete, grass or brush 1 

Shovels, track 6 

Switch key 1 

Tape, 50 feet 1 

Template, standard roadbed .... 1 

Torpedoes 12 

Wrenches, monkey 1 

Wrenches, track 3 



$40. 

30. 

21. 

27. 

25. 
182. 



Total $325. 



WATCHMAN'S SHELTER. 



91 



Watchman's Shelter. 

When it is necessary to have a watchman to operate gates or 
look after crossings, a wood shelter or shanty is usually provided 
for the convenience of the flagman, usually located at one side 
of the crossing, on the right of way, set well back so as not to 
obscure the view from approaching trains. 

Approximate Cost. — Five feet wide, 7 feet long, and 7 feet 
high from floor to wall plate (flatted cedar sill foundation), 
$65 to $75. 

Construction. — Six-inch flatted cedar sill foundation, at 2-foot 
6-inch centers. 

Two-inch by 4-inch joists 1-foot 9-inch centers with J-inch T. and 
G. rough board and f-inch finished floor with tar paper between. 

Two-inch by 4-inch studs, 1-foot 9-inch centers doubled at cor- 
ners with 4"X4" top and bottom plates, covered with J-inch 
T. and G. boards and J-inch ship lap or drop siding with 
paper between, on the outside, and sheathed inside with J-inch 
material. 

Roof one-third pitch, gable ends, 2"X4" rafters 1-foot 9-inch 
centers with 1 // X4" ties and wall plates, covered with two 
layers J-inch boards with paper between and shingles on top. 

One window in each end and one side, and door with sash at 
other side, locker, seat and small coal bin including 6-inch cast- 
iron smoke jack. 

Approximate estimate of cost. 



Quantities. 


Material. 


Labor. 


Total unit. 


Cost. 


1000 ft. B. M. timber per thou- 
sand ft. B. M 


$18.00 
4.00 
4.00 
2.00 

3.80 
3.50 


$17.00 
2.00 
6.00 
2.00 

2.00 
1.50 


$35.00 


$35 . 00 


Hardware 


6.00 


Glazing and painting 

800 shingles per thousand 

One 6-in. C. I. smoke jack and 
flashing 


10 00 


4.00 


3.20 
5.80 


Coal bin, seat and locker 




5 00 








Total 


$65.00 













C mm 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Section Houses. 

Section houses are built along the right of way principally for 
the convenience of having the trackmen live close at hand to 
readily respond for emergency service at any time. The houses are 
usually framed structures, and are built single or double: the 
double houses are convenient at points where it is necessary to 
keep two gangs. 

Single Section House Fig. 45): 
Approximate cost complete. 

Cedar sill foundation $750. to $ 950. 

Masonry foundation and cellar 900. to 1200. 

Double Section House (Fig. 46): 
Approximate cost complete. 

Cedar sill foundation $1400. to $1750. 

Masonrv foundation and cellars 1700. to 2200. 




E - . z. -■'. — 
i i 
11 i 13 




FIRST FLOOR 



SECOND FLOOR 

Fig. 45. Single Section House. 



FRONT ELEVATION 



Construction. — Frame and partitions, spruce: rough boarding, 
floors, clapboards, outside and inside finish, frames, etc.. good 
quality native spruce or pine: shingles, pine or cedar: all mouldings, 
doors, windows, and inside finish, stock pattern. 

Cedar sills or posts about 5-foot centers, or when it can be done 
cheaply, concrete, stone, or brick foundation with cellar. Frame, 
2" X 3" studs at 16-inch centers. 2" X 10" joists at 16-inch centers, 
ceiling roof joists and rafters 2" X 6" at 16-inch centers. 4" X 3" 
wall plates and runners, outside walls J-inch rough boarding, with 



SECTION HOUSES. 



93 



J-inch ship lap, siding, or shingles, with building paper between, 
and V X 5" trim around windows, doors, porch, eaves, etc. All 
inside walls lathed and plastered. Shingle roof, -J-inch boards 
with building paper between. Floors J-inch rough boards and 
J-inch finished floor with building paper between for ground floor, 
and J-inch finished floor only for upper story. 




Bed Room 
ll'x 13' 



Bed Boom 
9 xl3' 



^Mj 1 \"TTTrT 



FIRST FLOOR 



SECOND FLOOR 




FRONT ELEVATION 

Fig. 46. Double Section House. 
Approximate estimates of cost. 



Quantities. 


Single house. 


Double house. 


Excavation and wood foundation. . . 
Brick 


$20.00 
35.00 
20.00 

518.00 

82.00 

25.00 

50.00 

$750.00 

150.00 
$900.00 


$ 35.00 
70.00 


Hardware 


35.00 


Carpentry 


953.00 


Lath and plaster 


167.00 


Shingles 


45.00 


Painting and glazing 

If masonry foundation, add 

Total 


95.00 

$1400.00 
300.00 

$1700.00 







94 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Privies. 

Where there is no drainage or water system, privies are some- 
times built at wayside stations for public or employees' use, 
usually two compartments 5 feet wide and 7 feet long, with pit and 
vent. 

Wood structure, located generally in close proximity and to one 
side of the station in some place where it will not be too conspic- 
uous; a lattice screen is usually placed in front. 

Approximate cost. (Fig. 47.) — Double compartment 7 feet deep, 
10 feet long, about 8 feet high from floor to wall plate. 

(Wood sill foundation) $95 to $125 

Construction. — Flatted cedar sill foundation, floor joists 
2" X 4" about 2-foot centers, with 1-inch floor boards; frame 2" X 3" 
studs about 2-foot centers, doubled at corners with 2" X 3" sill 
plates, and 4" X 3" roof plates, covered with two layers |-inch 
boards. Roof \ pitch gable ends, 2" X 3" rafters, about 2-foot 
centers, covered with J-inch boards and shingles on top. 

Pit, 2-inch plank box about center of house, projecting 2 feet 
6 inches from side of house, extending 5 feet in length, 5 feet in 
width, and 5 feet deep, with lid on top, and 8-inch square vent 
from pit to roof, with louvre top. 

Screen, 2" X 4" posts, 1" X 10" top and bottom plate, f" X If" 
cross laths. 

One small light at each gable, one door to each compartment, 
also closet seat 2 feet wide, 1 foot 6 inches high, made of H-inch 
material. 

Approximate estimate of cost. 



Quantities. 


Material. 


Labor. 


Total unit. 


Cost. 


2000 ft. B. M., per thousand .... 
2000 shingles, per thousand .... 
Hardware 


$18.00 
2.00 
6.00 
4.00 
3.00 


S17.00 
2.00 
4.00 
6.00 
2.00 


S35.00 
4.00 


$70.00 

8.00 

10.00 


Paint 




10.00 


Vent 




5.00 








Total 


$103.00 













PRIVIES. 



95 






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96 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Shelters. 

Shelters are erected at suburban points where passenger traffic 
is light. 

Approximate Cost. 

Fig. 48 complete with platform $125 to $200. 

Fig. 49 complete with platform 350 to 450 . 

Construction. — Foundation cedar sills, frame 2" X 3" studs, 
2-foot centers, 4" X 3" wall plates, 2" X 3" ceiling and roof joists, 
2" X 6" floor joists at 2-foot centers, covered with 1-inch rough 




Shelter 



Platform 50 ft. lg. «f 



\ 



±. 



Fig. 48. Shelter Station. 

T. and G. boards, and f-inch finished floor on top, with tar paper 
between, outer frame covered with J-inch rough T. and G. boards, 
including roof, finished with drop siding and shingles, with tar 
paper between. Inside walls and ceiling sheathed with J-inch 
matched boards. All woodwork stained outside and inside. 



SHELTERS. 



97 



Platform 5 inches above rail, made of 3-inch plank on cedar 
sleepers, 7-foot centers. 

Extension roof 6" X 6" posts, 4" X 4" brackets, 6" X 6" runners, 
rafters and roof finished similar to shelter. 




^_ * =_ _ 12 6 



Seat 



Seat 



V 



--?—- 



Shelter 
10'xl2' 



^ 



Platform 60 ft. lg. 



Fig. 49. Shelter Station. 



Platform Shelter. — Approximate cost per running foot $8 to $12. 

Umbrella type of platform shelter 16 feet wide, with main posts 
14-foot centers, ridge plate 12" X 2", rafters and ties 3" X 6" with 
4" X 3" supports, and 4" X 6" run beams, roof covered with 
lj-inch matched boarding, and galvanized iron, ready roofing or 
shingles on top; the main posts are supported on round, flatted 
cedar sills about 6 feet below the platform, braced both sides, and 
held laterally by the platform joists. The platform is made of 
3-inch plank on top of 11" X 3" joists on split cedar sills at about 
7-foot centers. 



98 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Stations. 

The following frame stations range in price from $1000 to 
$3500, which is about the average run of ordinary way stations. 
They are not submitted as ideal schemes, but simply as sug- 
gestions as to size and cost in a general way, that may be varied 
as desired. 





Baggage 
or Express 
10'xl0'x6' 



Waiting 
Room 



Q 10'x20 / 



Office 
lO'xlo' 



I 



t= 



Platform 250 feet long 




Living ' 

1100111 I Kitchen 
12-6'xl0' I lO'xlo' 




Fig. 50. 

Fig. 50, station with waiting room 10 X 20 feet, office 10 X 10 
feet, and baggage or express room 10 X 10J feet. Height from 
floor to ceiling 9£ feet. 

Approximate cost with platform complete: 

Cedar posts or mud sill foundation $1000 to $1300 

Masonry foundation with cellar 1250 to 1500 



STATIONS. 99 

Figs. 50 and 51, station similar to the above, with agent's 
dwelling over. 

Approximate cost with platform complete: 

Cedar post or mud sill foundation $1500 to $1700 

Masonry foundation with cellar 1800 to 2000 

Fig. 52, station similar to Fig. 50, with a freight room added. 

Approximate cost with platform complete: 

Cedar post or mud sill foundation $1400 to $1700 

Masonry foundation with cellar 1650 to 1800 

Fig. 53, station with waiting room 16 X 16 feet, ladies' waiting 
room, 10 X 20 feet, office 12 X 10 feet, baggage and express 
16 X 16 feet, with corridor between general and ladies' waiting 
room, and lavatory accommodation in the rear. 

Approximate cost with platform complete: 

Cedar post or mud sill foundation $2000 to $2500 

Masonry foundation with cellar 2400 to 2600 

Fig. 54, station with waiting room 16 X 16 feet, ladies' room 
10 X 10 feet, office 10 X 13 feet, baggage or freight 16 X 16 feet, 
with kitchen and living rooms in the rear and four bedrooms 
above. 

Approximate cost with platform complete: 

Cedar post or mud sill foundation $2500 to $2800 

Masonry foundation with cellar 3000 to 3500 

Construction. — Cedar sills, post or masonry foundation, 
brick chimneys, 2"X4 // studs 16-inch centers for outside walls, 
and 2 // X3 // studs at 16-inch centers for inside partitions. Ceiling 
joists and roof rafters 2"X8" at 2-foot centers, well tied and 
secured to wall plates. Outside walls and roof to be covered 
with f-inch T. and G. boards and finished with ship lap, clap- 
boards or shingles, with building paper between. 

All inside walls and ceilings lath and plastered, and rooms 
finished with baseboard and picture mould, with architraves, 
sills, thresholds, and general trim for doors, windows, and other 
openings. Waiting-room walls burlapped 6 feet high, and 



100 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




Fig. 51. 




Fig. 52. 



STATIONS. 



101 




Fig. 53. 





Waiting Room 



Kitchen B Living R 



| Ladies R. 



t 



Baggage or 
Freight 



Platform 



300 ft. long 



^ 



,^-Rail 



BedR. 
lO'xlO' 




Fig. 54. 



102 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



freight and baggage rooms sheathed 8 feet high. Ground floor 
laid with second quality maple, or local hardwood on f-inch T. 
and G. boards with building paper between, other floors J-inch 
T. and G. narrow boards, good native pine. 

When cellars are provided the floor may be of cement or 
2-inch plank on 3-inch to 6-inch flatted cedars at 4-foot centers, 
embedded in cinders, with coal bin and chute in approved position 
so that coal may be shoveled from car at level of platform and 
run by gravity to cellar. 

Platform 3-inch plank on heavy cedar sleepers at 4-foot cen- 
ters, well bedded in good gravel or cinders. 



Station Furniture. 

List and approximate cost of the principal articles generally 
required in the furnishing of an ordinary way station: 



Arm chair 

Baggage truck (3 wheel) 
Battery jar. 



$ 2.50 

21.00 

.20 

Bracket lamp 1 . 25 

Broom .30 

Bulletin board 3.00 

Cash till 3.50 

Coal scuttle .35 

Copying press 12 . 50 

Desk for office 12 . 00 

Desk for operator 12.00 

Dustpan .15 

Fire pails .40 

Fire extinguisher 11 . 00 

Fire shovel .25 

Flag, green .06 

Flag, red 06 

Flag, white 06 

Funnel 06 

Gang plank 2 . 50 

Hammer .40 

Hand axe .90 

Hand saw .35 

Ticket case 6 . 00 

Lantern, red 1.15 

Lantern, white .60 



Mop handle S .10 

Oil can, 5 gallons 1 . 35 

Oil-can, 2 gallons .40 

Oil-filler 15 

Platform lamps 1 . 40 

Platform scale 32 . 00 

Safe 135.00 

Scrub brush 20 

Settees, seats, or chairs. . . . variable 

Window blinds 1 . 50 

Set planks for unloading 

freight '. 10.00 

1 stand, zinc lined, for 

wringer 12 . 00 

1 stationary cabinet 17.00 

1 step ladder 1.20 

Stove and pipes 15.00 

Table 7.00 

Table lamps 20 

Towel rack 1.25 

Water pails .65 

Water cooler 2 . 50 

Wick trimmer .30 

Wringer 2.80 

Pinch bar .95 



PLATFORMS. 103 



Platforms. 



Freight Platforms. — At points where the freight shed is at 
one end of the station building, either as an extension or a sepa- 
rate building on the main line, it is impossible to unload car-load 
freight or heavy machinery. On this account it is sometimes 
necessary to erect unloading platforms on the siding delivery 
track, where machinery or car-load freight can be handled. 

The platforms vary in width from 8 to 24 feet or more, and 
should not be less than a car length, or about 30 feet, with a 
ramp at one end. 

Approximate cost. — The cost of such platforms varies from 
25 cents to 50 cents per square foot erected complete. 

Grain Loading Platforms. — Grain loading platforms are 
erected where grain is shipped from teams to cars. They are 
built 4 feet above rail, with a grade of one in ten on the up 
side, and one in six on the down side, supported on posts 8 to 
12 feet apart longitudinally and about 5 to 6 feet cross ways, 
with 10"Xl0" caps over and 3"X10" joists covered with 3-inch 
plank. 

A platform 18 feet wide, with ramps, 100 feet long, with 8 X 10 
rail on the track side and a hand-rail on the opposite side, will 
cost approximately $7 per lineal foot. 

An earth platform of the same dimensions can sometimes be 
built very cheaply by using old bridge stringers to retain the 
fill on the track side, tying it back with old ties, the filling slop- 
ing 1^ to 1 on the opposite side. 



104 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Freight Sheds. 

When posts are not objectionable inside the house, the flat roof 
construction is probably the simplest and cheapest for this class of 
building. ' 

In long wooden sheds, brick gable walls are built at each end, 
and at intervals of 50 to 100 feet fire walls are inserted, the walls 
being carried 12 to 24 inches above the roof, capped with a coping 
of concrete, stone, or tile. 

Hand sprinlders and fire hydrants are also introduced through- 
out the house for fire protection, and in many cases the sprinkler 
system is installed. This consists of a series of main and branch 
water pipes. The mains are carried up at frequent intervals, and 
the branches are carried across the ceiling fairly close, and equipped 
with sprinkler heads that automatically open when the tempera- 
ture exceeds a certain limit. Scales are also provided to weigh 
freight when desired. 

Fig. 55 illustrates a 32 feet wide shed, 14 feet high, with trucking 
platform on track side, posts 16-foot centers both ways. The doors 
on the track side can be hung on a double trolley track overhead, 
so that they may slide by each other, or on sheaves, with counter- 
weights, to slide up similar to the ordinary English window. The 
doors on the road side may be 16-foot or 32-foot centers, the balance 
of the construction as per sketch. 

Approximate cost. — SI. 00 to $1.40 per square foot (concrete 
floor) or $32.00 to $45.00 per running foot (concrete floor), or 5 to 
7 cents per cubic foot (concrete floor). 

Fig. 56 illustrates a 40 feet wide shed, 14 feet high, without plat- 
forms, with two inner rows of posts at 16-foot centers either way. 
The roof joists towards the track side are cantilevered out 8 feet 
and carry the doors and lights over. With this arrangement, and 
the doors hung on a double trolley track, so that they slide past 
each other, there are no posts to interfere with car doors, and 
truck platforms are not necessary. The balance of the construc- 
tion is shown on the sketch. 

Approximate cost complete. — $1.20 to $1.50 per square foot 
(concrete floor), or $48 to $60 per running foot, or 6£ to 9 cents 
per cubic foot. 



FREIGHT SHEDS. 



105 



Fig. 57 illustrates a 52 feet wide freight shed with platforms 
both sides, wood floor and overhanging roofs. The front posts 
are 8" X 10" at 8-foot centers, the inner posts 8" X 10" at 16-foot 



JjJ&OBoards Tar ^ 



Gravel Roof 




^fa8 x 8 Fender 



%T.& G . Plank Tar 




6' X 8' / 2 , xJ^Cen tre L== ^ ==== ^&G^Boards Tar and Gravel Roof 
-I(£x-10 v\ I, I 7 7 Vs. I I 7% l-O-x-10- 




F!g.57 

Freight Sheds. 

centers. The doors on both sides are placed 32-foot centers, 
and are hung on pulleys and weights similar to the English 
sash windows, so as to slide up. The balance of construction 
is shown on the sketch. 



106 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Approximate cost complete. — 75 cents to SI. 00 per square foot 
of building, or $38.00 to $52.00 per running foot, or 3 cents to 
4 cents per cubic foot of building. 

Freight sheds, 25 cents to 50 cents per square foot. When 
covering a large area with suitable ground, so that the floor rests 
on natural soil, construction 6" X 8" posts, 16-foot centers across 
and along the house, the posts resting on cedar sills. 

The main roof beams are 8" X 10", corbeled over the posts and 
bracketed at each side, the rafters 2" X 8'' at 2-foot centers, with 
1" X 2" bridging, |-mch roof boards on top, and finished with tar 
and gravel or ready roofing. The posts are held crosswise by 
2" X 4" braces. 

The floor is second quality hardwood on J-inch rough boards, 
with tar paper between, on 3 to 6-inch flatted cedar sills embedded 
in the ground. 

A wood-built wall of 6-inch cedar posts and 3-inch planks is 
made along the track sides. The doors are hung on a double trolley 
track so as to slide past each other. 

Freight shed, 50 to 75 cents per square foot. This is somewhat 
similar to above, excepting that the floor is raised about 4 feet 
above the natural ground. 

Paving Freight Shed Teamways. 

Approximate cost. — Paving, including filling excavation and 
gutters per square yard, S2.25 to S3. 25. Concrete curbing 1 foot 
wide by 1 foot 6 inches deep, per lineal foot in place, 60 cents to 
SI. 00. 12-inch vitrified tile drain pipe in place, per lineal foot, 
75 cents to SI. 00. 

Grading. — Roadway excavated or filled or both to insure a 
good foundation and to conform with subgrade. 

Excavate for the curbing to such depths as may be required to 
properly set the same and insert a bed of broken stone 3 or 4 inches 
thick before concreting. Fill to subgrade with good gravel, thor- 
oughly pounded, or rolled, and water if necessary before rolling, 
all soft material to be removed before filling, surplus material to be 
deposited as directed or removed. 

Paving. — Over the prepared subgrade, lay a bed of clean 
sharp sand, not less than 1J inches or more than 3 inches 



FREIGHT HOUSES. 107 

thick, well watered and rolled to a hard surface, to established 
levels. 

Blocks to be 4J" X 5}" X 10" to 15" long or thereabout,, free 
from cracks or defects, laid in straight lines and in close con- 
tact at sides and ends, to break joints at least 3 inches, each row 
tightened from end to end before closure is inserted. 

The whole when laid to be well rammed and rolled and brought 
to a true cross-section, and the joints filled with sand. 

Drainage. — 12-inch tile pipe connecting with manhole, laid to 
established grades with cement joints. 



108 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Engine Houses. 

The ordinary engine house in common use is a circular building, 
Fig. 58, divided into stalls, and is generally termed the roundhouse. 
They are erected at divisional and other points where convenient, 
for the housing of engines when out of service, and are built of wood, 
brick, stone, or concrete. 

The building is located generally about the center of the yard, 
sufficiently far over to be clear of possible yard expansion. In 
cities and towns, where land is limited, the house has to be placed 
as will best suit local conditions. 

The size of engine houses varies from 60 to 100 feet in depth. 
An 85-foot house, which is about the average, would have the fol- 
lowing dimensions, using a 70-foot turntable: 

Center of turntable to front face of engine house .... 95 ft. 2\ in. 

Center to center front door posts 13 ft. 7 in. 

Length from front face to back face of back wall ... 85 ft. in. 

Width center to center back wall pilasters 25 ft. 10 in. 

Height of front, from base of rail to roof 24 ft. in. 

Height of back, from base of rail to roof 19 ft. in. 

Engine doors 12 ft. 6 in. X 17 ft. in. 

The area of one stall as above is approximately 1700 square feet, 
and the cubic capacity about 34,000 cubic feet. 

Approximate cost. — Approximate cost per stall for various 
designs, dimensions as above: 

(1) Frame building: Wood posts, cinder floor, cedar sill founda- 
tion, wood roof, $1600 to $1800. Average, $1 per square foot, or 
5 cents per cubic foot. 

(2) Frame building: Wood posts, cinder floor, masonry founda- 
tion, wood roof, $2000 to $2200. Average, $1.25 per square foot, 
or 6^ cents per cubic foot. 

(3) Brick building: wood posts, cinder floor, masonry founda- 
tion, wood roof, $2400 to $2600. Average, $1.50 per square foot, 
or 7J cents per cubic foot. 

(4) Brick building: steel and concrete posts, cinder floor, 
masonri/ foundation, mill construction roof, $2800 to $3000. 
Average, $1.75 per square foot, or 8^ cents per cubic foot. 



ENGINE HOUSES. 



109 





O 

w 

'So 
p 



o 

Hi 



03 



00 



110 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

(5) Masonry or concrete building: steel and concrete posts, 
brick floor, cedar sill foundation, concrete roof. $3200 to $3500. 
Average, $2 per square foot, or 10 cents per cubic foot. 

The wood roof for the first three estimates would consist of 
ordinary joists with double f-inch boarding on top. 

The mill construction roof would consist of large wood beams, 
spaced at least 8-foot centers with 3-inch plank on top. 

The concrete roof would consist of reinforced concrete beams 
at least 8-foot centers, with 3-inch concrete over, reinforced 
with expanded metal. 

The above costs are for building one stall complete, and 
include heating, electric wiring and lights, steam, air and water 
pipes, smoke jacks, drainage inside the house, etc., as per detailed 
estimate on page 124. 

The boilers and boiler house with engine and machine room 
are not included: see under " Boiler Houses." 

Construction. — A brief description of the work, in connection 
with the building of the engine houses, on which the estimates 
are based is as follows: 

Foundations. — Masonry back walls 24 inches thick, with 12-inch 
footing courses projecting 6 inches on each side of wall and 5 feet 
deep from floor to bottom of foundation. 

Piers. — Piers for inside columns, footing 3 feet square. 18 
inches thick, with cap on top 2 feet square by IS inches 
thick. 

Outside piers for front columns: footings 4 feet square. 4 feet 
deep, with square top. 1 foot thick. 

Front Walls. — Sometimes brick, stone or concrete pila-ters or 
pillars are built with arches over the door openings. A steel or 
wood column is better construction. 

For the house described 12"X12" wood posts are figured for 
frame buildings, and two S-inch channels and one f-inch plate for 
steel columns for the others. 

Back Walls. — The back walls are built in wood, brick, stone, 
or concrete, for framed building. 2"x6" studs at 2-foot cen- 
ters, covered with two layers of ^-inch boards with tar paper 
between. 



ENGINE HOUSES. 



Ill 







Fig. 58a. Engine House Plan. 



112 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Brick walls, unless specially hard burnt, are not recommended, 
as the smoke fumes and gases from the engines disintegrate 
soft brick. They are built 13 or 17 inches thick. Concrete walls 
are usually 14 inches thick, with large pilasters at the inter- 
sections of each bay to carry the longitudinal beams supporting 
the roof timbers. When columns are used in the wall the pilas- 
ters can be dispensed with. 

Stone walls are usually 18 to 20 inches thick, with pilasters at 
the intersections of each bay. 

Windows with double lights 12' 6"Xll' 6", about, are built in 
the center of each stall in the back wall, window sill 2 feet 6 inches 
to 3 feet high. 

Columns. — Inside columns are 12"X12" timbers for wood 
posts and two 6-inch channels with lattice bars for steel posts, 
with angle iron braces on each side. Where steel is used they are 
encased in concrete. 

End Walls. — End walls built similar to back walls, divided 
into three bays with two pilasters 2 feet wide and 4-inch pro- 
jection to stiffen the wall laterally; windows are usually inserted 
similar to back wall. 

Fire Walls. — Fire walls are usually brick or concrete 13 or 
14 inches thick, with stiffening pilasters similar to end walls. A 
fire door 3' X 7' is provided at one end, and the wall is carried 
18 to 24 inches above the roof. 

Roof. — For frame buildings 12"X12" longitudinal beams 
over the columns with corbels and brackets over the posts, 
2"Xl2" joists at varying centers to suit span, with two J-inch 
layers of timber over, and tar paper between. 

Mill construction. — Fig. 59, for brick, concrete, or masonry 
buildings: The longitudinal beams over the columns are of steel 
18 inches high, 55 pounds per foot, with brackets over posts. The 
steel posts and beams are incased in concrete. The roof timber 
beams vary from 6"X12" to 8"X16" at about 8-foot centers, 
and are covered on top with 3-inch narrow T. and G. plank 
well nailed laterally with heavy cut nails about 18 inches 
apart. 

Concrete roofs are similar to the above for the posts and 
longitudinal beams. The roof beams are about S-foot centers, of 



ENGINE HOUSES. 



113 




OS 



50 



114 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

reinforced concrete, and the roof covering 3 inch thick concrete 
with expanded metal. 

All of the above roofs are covered with tar and gravel for 
weatherproofing. 

Engine Pits. — Length 63 feet, width 4 feet, depth at back 
2 feet 4 inches, depth at front 2 feet 8 inches. Concrete w T alls 
17 inches thick with 1 foot 6 inches thick footing courses 24 inches 
wide. The rails are laid on 6-inch plank 3 feet wide, on the top of 
concrete walls, with cedar sills where the plank projects over the 
walls. The 6-inch planking is built out at both ends to provide 
for jacking, extra cedar sills at close intervals being used for 
supporting the plank. 

The floor of the pit may be 4-inch brick or concrete, built 
convex, with a 4-inch rise. The sump hole is 12 inches wide by 
12 inches deep across the pit at the low end, with grating over 
to provide for drainage. 

Drop Pit. — The drop pit is usually built between and con- 
nects two engine pits in convenient position so that the driving 
wheels can be taken off and lowered and removed. The pit has to 
be large enough to take the largest drivers, which is done by 
removing the portion of rail and its support spanning the pit 
under the wheel and lowering the wheel by jacks. The use of 
the telescope jack for this purpose does not require the pit to be 
much deeper than the ordinary engine pit. In the estimates 
given the drop pit is 7 feet 6 inches wide and 5 feet 6 inches deep, 
with truck rails on floor of pit at 2 foot 9 inch centers on 5"X8" 
ties at 3-foot centers with 18-inch concrete floor under. 

Truck Wheel Pits. — The truck wheel pit is usually built at 
right angles to one of the engine pits in convenient location to 
remove the truck wheels, and is 4 feet 2 inches wide, 3 feet 
6 inches deep, and 19 feet long, with rails 2 foot 9 inch centers 
supported on 6-inch flatted cedar ties, 3-foot centers with 12-inch 
concrete floor under. 

Floor. — Concrete, brick, cinder, or wood is used. Probably 
a cinder floor is to be recommended for the first year or two, so 
that the ground may be compacted before a brick or cement 
one is placed. A wood floor made of old bridge timbers laid 
close makes an excellent floor for this class of building. A 
cinder floor is figured in the estimates. 



SMOKE JACKS. 115 

Drainage. — Ten-inch or 12-inch glazed tile pipe connecting 
each pit at the sump hole graded to drain to manhole located 
convenient to suit local conditions and possible future extension. 

Smoke Jacks. 

The only desirable opening in an engine-house roof is that 
required for the smoke jack. Skylights rob the house of a good 
deal of heat, and very soon get blackened up. 

Ventilators also, unless operated by mechanical suction or fan, 
are. of little use. 

The smoke emitted from engines, when mixed with steam, forms 
sulphuric acid that destroys all exposed metal. All material, there- 
fore, for openings of any kind should be such as will not readily 
be affected by smoke fumes. 

Smoke jacks especially should be of fire and smoke proof 
material, constructed so as to avoid condensation and dripping 
down on engines; in addition the smoke jack should form a good 
natural draft to assist engines in firing up, and also provide for 
the escape of smoke that very often fills the house when engines 
are entering or leaving the premises. The latter trouble is taken 
care of by using a combination smoke jack and ventilator. 

Smoke jacks are made principally of wood, cast iron, cast iron 
and aluminum, asbestos, tile, and various other materials, and 
the three essential parts common to most consist of a hood, 
either stationary or swinging, that covers or engages the engine 
smoke pipe when in place; the ventilator portion above the roof, 
either separate from the smoke jack or combined with it; and 
the supporting mechanism attached to the roof, holding the 
jack in place, the safety guy or supporting cables of which are 
usually aluminum or copper. 

The Gutelius patented smoke jack, made of asbestos and used 
as a standard on the Canadian Pacific Railway and other roads, 
has been figured in the estimates given, and consists of a com- 
bination smoke jack and ventilator, made of \ inch thick asbes- 
tos, set up with asbestos angles and put together with copper or 
brass bolts and screws. 

The ventilator is 3 feet 6 inches square, 14 feet high on wood 
posts, protected by the asbestos plates on the outside and 



116 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

asbestos angles inside, and guyed four ways to the roof with 
heavy wire. A damper inside is arranged if desired to prevent 
the heat escaping from the house when the jack is not in use. 

The smoke hood under the ventilator is 3 feet 6 inches wide by 
8 feet long, flared on ends and sides and hung on rigid supports, 
arranged so as to be adjustable in height, and provided with 
safety guy wires of copper. The smoke jack portion extends 
into the ventilator 3 or 4 feet, leaving a space all around the jack 
at the roof for the escape of smoke that may get outside of the 
jack. The smoke hood is 8 feet long to allow the hostler some 
latitude in spotting the engine. 



Electric Wiring and Lights. 

Probably the best method of wiring engine houses is to enclose 
all wires in conduit pipe and sealed boxes, running the mains 
and branches on the roof, an improved type of which is the 
" Ravelin " patented system. By this method all wiring and 
joints are protected from smoke and gas fumes, and the work 
of wiring is simplified, and as all parts are accessible, repairs can 
be made easily. 

Usually three incandescent 16-candlepower drop lights are 
placed between each stall, with a plug receptacle connection 
on each post for portable hand light. The lamps^ are protected 
by wire screens over the lights. 

Switches are placed on the back or front walls for each stall or 
series of stalls. 

Outside, arc lights are generally used, strung on poles in con- 
venient position. The number vary with the size of the house 
and the amount of light desired. 

Approximate cost. — The cost of complete installation varies 
from S40 to S60 per stall. 



STEAM, AIR, AND WATER PIPES. 117 

Steam Air and Water Pipes. (Fig. 59a.) 

One of the most important features about an engine house is 
the installation of the steam, air, and water pipes. 

The steam is required for heating purposes and engine supply, 
the air for engine and shop supply, and the water for washing 
out purposes and fire service. 

For the ordinary run of engine houses up to 22 stalls the fol- 
lowing sizes are commonly used: 

Live steam main 3 inches diameter, branches 1J inches 
diameter. 

Air pipe main 1J inches diameter, branches 1^ inches diameter. 

Water service main 3 inches diameter, branches 2 inches di- 
ameter. 

The branch pipes where connections are desired are arranged 
so as to be attached to the inside posts, and terminate about 
5 feet from the floor. The steam pipe is equipped with a valve 
and air-brake coupling, the coupling being used for hose con- 
nection to convey live steam to engine boilers when necessary. 

The air pipe is fitted with a Westinghouse air brake and 
coupling. 

The water pipe is equipped with gate valve and drip cock for 
fire purposes, also a globe valve and hose coupling for engine 
boiler service; in addition a short length of pipe extends above 
the fire valve, with elbow, to which are attached 50 feet of rubber- 
lined hose and 18-inch fire hose nozzle; the hose and nozzle are 
supported on a stand with movable brackets secured to the posts 
and encased in wood frame with glass front. 

A valve is placed on each branch pipe near the main so that 
any branch supply can be cut off for repairs without interfering 
with the rest of the house. 

Owing to smoke fumes corroding the iron and the annoyance 
from dripping it is considered the best practice to place the 
pipes in underground ducts instead of stringing them overhead 
inside the house. 

The ducts are arranged so as to be easily accessible for repair 
purposes and valve service, and are usually built of wood or 
concrete. 



118 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



\ 2 O'x 3 0" GlaJBB Door with 
' l Ql»s« 20" x & i I ! 
I I 




SIDE ELEVATION FRONT ELEVATION BACK ELEVATION 

Pig. 59a. Steam, Air and Water Connections for Engine Houses. 




PLAN 



STEAM, AIR, AND WATER PIPES. 119 

The wood duct, though cheap in first cost, is high in mainte- 
nance. On account of being subjected to the moisture from the 
ground on the outside, and excessive heat inside, it soon rots out, 
and has to be renewed every few years. 

To eliminate the maintenance charges entirely, it is neces- 
sary to build the ducts of concrete or masonry, or such material 
as will be permanent; and to be successful it is also necessary 
that its cost will compare favorably with the price of wood. 

The " Thurber " patented system of rib concrete ducts is said 
to accomplish this result, and the method of installation is as 
follows: 

The main ducts carry the steam, air, water, and heating pipes, 
run between and connect each engine pit, either at the front or 
back of the house, making a continuous passage throughout, so 
that no breaking or cutting of walls for the passage of pipes is 
necessary; they are made 2 feet 9 inches wide and 2 feet 9 inches 
deep. 

The ducts carrying the branch steam, air, and water pipes con- 
nect with the main duct between alternate pits, and extend back 
to the end post so as to serve two pits, the pipes being carried 
up the post face. The branch ducts are 1 foot 6 inches wide 
and 1 foot 6 inches deep. 

The method of building the ducts consists in placing iron tee 
section ribs at varying intervals, not exceeding 3 feet, and setting 
up concrete slabs between; the slabs fit into the bottom pockets 
and bear against the iron sides of the ribs, and are held by bolts 
or rods at the top, the rods being used to hang the pipes inside 
the ducts. The floor can be made in slabs or built in concrete in 
the usual way. All slabs are laid in cement mortar. 

The approximate cost of steam, air, and water pipes installed 
complete, not including the ducts, averages from $55 to $80 per 
stall. 



120 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Heating Engine Houses. 

In the heating of roundhouses there are two methods in vogue, 
the hot air system and the direct steam vacuum method. 

Hot Air Heating. — The heating apparatus when possible is 
placed about the center of distribution either in the engine or boiler 
house or in a separate annex, and consists of an engine, fan, and 
heater, set up and anchored on concrete or wood foundation. 

The heater is made up of a series of coiled steam pipes enclosed 
by a sheet steel jacket, to which is attached a steel plate tan, 
ally driven by a vertical or horizontal steam engine. 

The fan draws the air over the steam coils and forces the hot air 
through pipes or ducts to any part of the house desired. 

On account of smoke fumes corroding any iron work that is not 
well protected, the air ducts are usually placed underground. The 
main duct is built of reinforced concrete, and the branches are 
usually tile pipe, though wood is often used on account of cheap 
first cost. 

Usually the main duct runs around the back of the house, the 
inside face of foundation wall serving as one side. It is necessary 
that all inside surfaces should be as smooth as possible, without 
projections of any kind inside the duct. Branches are taken off the 
main with long radius bends and run down between pits with off- 
sets to the engine pits, and risers at points where it is desired to 
admit hot air to heat the balance of the house, the outlets being 
controlled by dampe 

The ducts absorb a portion of the heat and are also subject to 

dampness from condensation. The main point is to provide means 

for keeping them dry. This is lone by grading the ducts so as to 

in to the air outlets, and placing vera in the main duct that 

can be opened to let out the dampness at favorable tin 

and approximate cost. — The capacity of the heating 
apparatus depends upon the size of the house. In any event 
it is always necessary under ordinary conditions to figure the 
units lar^e enough so as to provide for a reasonable future house 
extension. 

For the ordinary run of engine houses the supply of hot air per 
minute varies from 2000 to 3000 cubic feet per stall at a fan speed 
of 200 revolutions per minute. 



HEATING ENGINE HOUSES. 121 

Figuring 2250 cubic feet of air per minute, a 20-stall engine house 
would require the following: 

Steel plate fan 8 feet in diameter by 4 feet wide. Theoretical 
capacity, 45,000 cubic feet of air per minute at 200 revolutions. 
Side crank steam engine 8" X 12". 
Heating coils, 6700 lineal feet of 1-inch pipe capacity. 

Approximate cost of the above installed, with concrete founda- 
tion walls and timber floor for the fan and heater, varies from 
$2800 to $3400, or on an average $150 per stall. 

The cost of the main ducts, branches, risers, dampers, etc., in 
place averages from $100 to $180 per stall, or the cost of the com- 
plete installation $250 to $350 per stall. 

The sizes of the mains and branches have to be figured out for 
the volume of air carried, and are usually given by the manufac- 
turers of the heating outfit. No boilers, or steam main connec- 
tions from the same, are included in the estimate. 

A feed water heater and pump with valves and connections 
arranged to receive the drip of the heating system for boiler feed is 
often added, also a vacuum pump in connection with the hot air 
heater to relieve pipes of air, etc., and give good steam circulation. 

The cost of a 100 horsepower heater with feed and vacuum pump, 
including valves and connections set up complete for the above 
heating apparatus, varies from $500 to $750. 

The heater is generally arranged to condense the exhaust from 
the fan or other engines for boiler feed, and when omitted, steam 
traps are provided for removing the water of condensation to the 
drain. 

In exceptionally cold weather, the air is taken from the engine 
house and reheated, openings being provided in the air chamber 
so that this can be accomplished. It is not an ideal method, but 
under exceptional conditions is often necessary. 

Steam Heating. — The ordinary method is a low pressure direct 
steam heating system, adapted to use and utilize all exhaust 
steam available from the engine and boiler house, with such 
additional live steam as may be necessary from boiler during 
severe weather. 

From the exhaust header the main steam supply is run around 
either the front or back of the house, usually in the underground 



122 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

ducts carrying the air and water pipes, with branches to the pit 
and wall coils, including a return main to which all coils are con- 
nected. 

The steam main reduces in size as it goes along proportionately 
as the amount of radiation is decreased, and the size of the return 
pipe is increased proportionately as the coils are added to it. To 
relieve heating coils of water of condensation and air, the return 
pipe is connected to a vacuum pump located in pit near the boiler, 
the water of condensation being discharged into a feed water 
heater, and from the heater to the boiler by a feed pump. The 
exhaust header is connected into heater full size of header, with 
relief pipe from heater to roof fitted with a back pressure valve. 

Valves are applied in steam main or mains near exhaust header, 
between vacuum pump and heater, steam supply from boiler to 
vacuum, and boiler feed pumps. 

Heating Surface and Equipment Required. — For ordinary round- 
houses the amount of heating surface usually installed varies from 
1 to 1^ square feet per 100 cubic feet of enclosed space; probably 
1J square feet is a fair average. 

For one stall having a capacity of 34,000 cubic feet the heating 

34000 
surface would be X 1J = 425 square feet, or 680 lineal feet 

of 2-inch pipe per stall. 

The best distribution is to put four pipes on each side of the 
engine pit and the balance as coil radiators on 'the roundhouse 
walls. 

Sometimes five or six rows of pipe are placed on the engine pit 
walls, but this method is not recommended, as it will usually be 
found that so much pipe will impede circulation, and as a result 
the bottom pipes are generally cold. 

The pipes are supported by cast or bent steel pipe hangers about 
6 feet apart. Usually wood plugs or strips are built into the wall 
to which the pipe supports are attached by lag screws, the screws 
serving in the case of the bent steel hangers as supports on 
which the pipes rest. 

For a 20-stall engine house the steam main would be 5 inches for 
the first ten pits, 4 inches for the next six, and 3 inches for the bal- 
ance. They are hung from strap hangers supported by rods pass- 
ing through the ducts about 7-foot centers, or on floor rollers with 



HEATING ENGINE HOUSES. 123 

expansion bends. The return would be 2 inches for the last four 
pits, 2\ inches for the next six, and 3 inches for the balance. 

The heater not less than 100 horsepower, and made sufficiently 
strong to carry 10 pounds of steam pressure. The vacuum pump 
3J" X 5J" X 4", all brass lined, and feed pump 4J" X 2f" X 4" 
duplex. 

Approximate cost. — The cost for complete installation varies 
from $225 to $300 per stall without ducts. Only a portion of the 
cost of ducts would be chargeable to the heating, as the same ducts 
would be used to run the live steam, air, and water pipes. No 
boilers are included in the above estimates. See under "Boiler 
Houses " for cost of boilers, etc. 

Washout System. — By using a series of hot water tanks suitably 
connected with pipes, valves, pumps, etc., the steam and water 
can be taken from locomotives and stored in tanks to be reused 
for washing-out purposes and refilling when desired. 

By this method a large saving of time is effected in washing out 
and refilling locomotive boilers, and as the water is hot, the work 
is done without danger from unequal expansion to the tubes, stay 
bolts, or fire box, and in addition 50 per cent of the water is saved 
and reused, and it is possible to take the water from a boiler and 
refill with a fresh supply in 30 minutes without removing the fire. 
To blow off, wash the boiler, and refill it with a fresh supply, and 
obtain 100 pounds steam requires .about two hours. The old 
method of blowing off and letting the water waste to the drain 
requires from 8 to 10 hours to wash out, refill, and get 100 pounds 
steam. 

The system consists of one or a series of storage tanks, with blow 
off, hot water, wash out, and filling, pipe lines, including live steam 
piping to the tanks, also valves and connections; where a series of 
tanks are used for washing out, refilling, and superheating, pumps 
are required to maintain pressure at the hose nozzles for filling 
purposes. 

Approximate cost. — Usually the piping is furnished to a few 
pits only when for washing out purposes, and to each pit if refilling 
and washout system is installed. The cost varies from $6000 to 
$25,000, depending upon the capacity and requirements of the 
plant. 



124 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE FOR ONE STALL 55 FEET LONG ENGINE HOUSE 
MILL CONSTRUCTION. (Figs. 58, 58a.) 



Quantities. 



Excavation 14 yards 

Concrete. 26 vards 

Steel. 9000 pounds 

Encased concrete, 8 yards 

7500 feet board measure, per thousand ... 

144 square feet back window 

40 linear feet eaves 

20S square feet door front 

80 square feet window front 

17 squares roofing, per square (100 square 

feet) 

500 feet board measure squared timber. 

per thousand 

4 cedar ties 

Combined asbestos and ventilator smoke 

jack erected 

Reinforced hot air or pipe ducts [27 feet] 

7 yards 

12 vards excavation 




$ 50 $ 7 . 00 

S3. 50 -S4.50 8.00 208.00 
.02* 02i .04} 405.00 



4.00 
22.00 
.40 
.25 
.30 
.40 



8.00 12.00 

18.00 40 00 

.20 .60 

.15 .40 

.20 .50 

.20 .60 



2.00 


2.00 


4.00 


18.00 17.00 35.00 


.40 


.10 


.50 


100.00 


25.00 





4.00 6.00 10.00 
50 



96.00 
300.00 

86.40 

16.00 
104.00 

48.00 

^8.00 

17 50 
2.00 

125.00 

70.00 
6.00 



Eneine Pit. 



»~ ",rds excavation 

40 yards concrete 

2500 feet board measure 6-inch plank. 

per thousand 

5 yards floor 

14 feet 12-inch tile 

Cast iron gratings 



$3 . 50 

18 00 
4.00 



2.75 



$4.50 S8.00 



$43.50 
320.00 



17.00 
6.00 



.75 



35.00 

10.00 

.50 



S7.50 

50.00 

7.00 

3.50 



Heating 

Steam, air, and water 

Electric wiring and lights 

Floor 12-inch cinders 56 yards at 50 cts 

Door posts 

Proportion of end or fire walls drop and wheel pit per bay 



Engineering and contingencies 10^ 



250.00 

55.00 

55.00 

28.00 

5.00 

150 00 

$2635.00 
262.00 



Total $2900 . 00 



HEATING ENGINE HOUSES. 125 

Fig. 60 illustrates a cross section of an engine house erected 
by the L. S. & M. S. R. at Elkhart, Indiana. 

This house is a combination of flat and sloped roof construction, 
which is to be commended, as the engine fumes ascend into the 
high portion, and serves to keep the lower portion more free from 
smoke. The smoke jacks are 12 feet long, which allows the 
hostler some latitude in spotting the engines. 

The. cost of this house, which is 90 feet long, would average 
from $2200 to $3000 per stall complete. 



126 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES 




o. 

X 

o 

DC 

I 
I- 

z 
o 

H 

o 

_ 

DO 



QO 



X 



- 



_.. £ .. - - ... 



BOILER HOUSES. 127 



Boiler Houses. 

The boiler house is usually built behind the engine house, as 
an annex, principally to supply steam, air, and water to the 
engine house proper, and incidentally to supply heating for other 
buildings and cars in the yard if necessary. 

The building consists of machine, engine, and boiler rooms, 
with locomotive foreman's offices, registry room, and lavatory 
on one side of the machine room, having a small gallery for light 
stores over. The boiler room is made sufficiently large to hold 
two or three batteries of boilers, with a coal bin on one side which 
is filled from cars through the openings above. 

Approximate cost. (Fig. 61.) — The average cost of boiler 
houses for the building only, ranges from $1.75 to $2.50 per 
square foot; for the one illustrated the cost would be $6000 to 
$7000. 

For boilers and equipment 100 to 150 per cent extra. 

Two 100-horsepower boilers erected complete $3500 to $4000. 

Engine room equipment $3000 to $5000. 

Construction. — Masonry foundation walls to five feet below 
ground, face walls common brick, stone, or concrete, with arches 
over doors and windows. Roof 8" X 14" beams at 8-foot centers, 
covered with 3-inch plank, and tar and gravel on top. Office 
inside finished with hardwood floor, ordinary trim, and plastered 
walls and ceilings. 

Machine room: hardwood floor, walls and woodwork white- 
washed; boiler room: brick floor, with wood plank over coal bin, 
walls and woodwork whitewashed. 

The ordinary locomotive type of boiler is generally used in 
units of 100 horsepower, with mechanical draft or large chimney, 
the boiler room being made large enough to hold an additional 
boiler in case of future extension. 

The machine room equipment generally consists of an engine 
and air compressor and a small lathe, planer and saw, with 
benches fitted up for convenient use. 



128 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



rfWimh TarandGraveL 

; 20"I 







ELEVATION 




Engnne 
House 



PLAN 

Fig. 61. Boiler House. 



STOREHOUSES. 



129 



Storehouses. 

At divisional, terminal, and other points store houses are neces- 
sary to receive and store supplies for engine, car, and general 
service, for repair and operating purposes. 

The house is usually a frame structure on masonry, cedar sill, 
or post foundation, divided up with shelving and racks to hold 
the miscellaneous articles usually kept in stock, with an office in 
one corner for the storekeeper; to this may be added a counter if 
desired. 

Sometimes the store and oil house are combined, or the oil 
house is placed in close proximity to the storehouse so that 
both can be looked after by the storekeeper. 

APPROXIMATE COST OF STOREHOUSES COMPLETE, INCLUDING PLAT- 
FORMS, ETC. (Fig. 62.) 



Size. 


Wood foundation and floor. 


Concrete foundation and 
concrete floor. 


30'X30'X13' high 
45'X30'X13' high 
60'X30'X13'high 


$ 900.00 to $1200.00 
1300.00 to 1500.00 
1800.00 to 2100.00 


$1500.00 to $1800.00 
2100.00 to 2500.00 
2800.00 to 3300.00 



Construction. — Fig. 62 illustrates a small storehouse 30' X 30' 
with platform. The house can be extended by adding 15-foot 
bays. 

Concrete foundations taken below frost, walls filled between 
with sand or good ballast well puddled and finished on top with 
concrete or wood floor. Framing consists of 2"X6 // studs 2-foot 
centers, with 1-inch rough boards and siding, and building paper 
between on the outside and sheathed on the inside. The roof is 
made of 4"X12" rafters at 7 foot 6 inch centers, covered with 
3-inch plank and tar and gravel. Shelvings and racks are pro- 
vided to suit the class of goods kept in stock. 



= 



1 



c 



z 
Store Room 



Office 



I 



Platform 



Tar aad Gravel 




SECTION 

Kg : --.rehouse. 



STOREHOUSES. 



131 



Approximate estimate : (Fig. 62.) 



Quantities. 



Mate- 
rial. 



Labor, 



Total 

unit. 



Cost. 



50 cubic yards excavation. 

54 cubic yards masonry 

14,500 feet board measure lumber, per thou- 
sand 

Doors and windows 

Hardware 

Roofing 

900 square feet concrete floor and filling 

Brick chimney 

Painting and glazing 



Supervision and contingencies 



$3.00 

17.00 
20.00 
15.00 
26.00 
.12 
12.00 
25.00 
70.00 



$ .50 
5.00 

35.00 



900 square feet platform at 15 cts. 
Total 



.20 



$ 25.00 
270.00 

507.50 
62.50 
35.00 
50.00 

180.00 
20.00 
45.00 

170.00 



,364.00 
136.00 



$1,500.00 
135.00 

$1,635.00 



.65 per square foot with masonry foundation and concrete floor. 
.50 per square foot with masonry foundation and wood floor. 
.25 per square foot with wood foundation and wood floor. 



132 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Oil Houses. 

Oil houses are necessary on railroads to store and handle the 
various oils required for engine, car, and shop service. 

The most common arrangement consists of a frame or masonry 
shed with basement and platform, located alongside a track in 
convenient proximity to the various departments to be served. 

Usually steel tanks are provided for storing the oil, varying in 
capacity from 500 to 2000 gallons or more; they are set up on 
concrete supports in the basement, so that they can be easily 
examined and cleaned. 

When the supply is brought by barrels, they are dumped over 
fillers inside the house or outside on the platform if desired; 
when filled from car service tanks, the pipes are extended under 
the platform and provided with stop cocks and hose connections 
as per Fig. 63. 

The floor over the basement is usually heavy plank not less 
than 3 inches thick, or reinforced concrete. A trap door and 
small ship ladder are necessary to gain access to the basement, 
the trap door and frame being made fireproof. Xo other openings 
are provided, electric light being used when desired for inspection 
purposes. 

The tanks are generally ventilated by a pipe connecting each 
tank, with a main riser taken above the roof, to allow escape of 
air and gases. 

The floor above the basement is used for the distribution of 
oil to employees; each tank is connected to a hand or power 
pump; the pumps are grouped together and set up conveniently 
in one corner of the house with oil stands, trays, and drip pans, 
and a counter with waste bins and can racks is placed where 
most convenient. 

APPROXIMATE COST OF OIL HOUSES COMPLETE. (Fig. 63.) 



Size. 


Concrete foundation and 
floor, wood platform. 


30 , X20 , X12 / high 
45'X20'X12' high 
60'X20'X12' high 

• 


S1500.00 to $1900.00 
2500.00 to 2900.00 
3000.00 to 3900.00 



Construction. — The chief points to be considered in the con- 
struction are to enminate the risk of fire, to provide ample storage 



% 
















■f 




































□ 


□ 






















1,— - -' ■■■"-"■ 




;l 


1 


1 II II II II II II 


II II 1 


1 II II II II 1! 


nx 






\\ 




1 

I 






i 
i 


^ 




1 


i 1 — ■ » — ' 

I 1 


1 


i 


i 
i 



ELEVATION 

30^ 



Q 



8 



iTrap 



Door 



6 



Fillers 
i 
I 



D 



D 

I 



Pumps i 



D 



□ 



Platform 



PLAN 



Tar and Gravel 




SECTION 

Fig. 63. Oil House. 



(133) 



134 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



and convenient means for filling the tanks either from barrels or 
oil cars, and to provide proper facilities for handling, pumping, 
and distribution. 

Fig. 63 illustrates a 30' X 30'oil house with steel tanks in basement. 

The foundation walls up to platform level, also basement floor, 
are of concrete; the oil house floor may be of reinforced concrete or 
heavy plank. The house frame is 2"X6" studs at 2-foot centers 
with rough boarding and shiplap with building paper between on 
the outside, and 1-inch sheathing on the inside. The roof is 2"X8" 
joists at 2-foot centers covered with 1-inch T. and G. boards and 
finished with tar and gravel. 

The platform on the track side is supported on 8-inch diam- 
eter cedar posts on mud sills, with 2"X 10" joists at 24-inch centers 
covered with 3-inch plank. 

The tanks are made of steel boiler plate with pipe connections 
and hand hole with valve for cleaning purposes, and have the 
following capacity: 

Four feet 6 inches diameter, I inch thick metal, 12 feet long, 
1200 gallons. 

Four feet 3 inches diameter, J inch thick metal, 12 feet long, 
1000 gallons. 

Three feet 3 inches diameter, T 3 F inch thick metal, 12 feet long, 
600 gallons. 

Three feet diameter, T 3 g- inch thick metal, 12 feet long, 500 gallons. 

Approximate estimate of cost: (Fig. 63.) 



Quantities. 



68 cubic yards excavation 

53 cubic yards masonry 

23 cubic yards concrete 

7000 feet board measure lumber, per thousand 

Doors and windows 

5 squares roofing, per square (100 square feet) 

Hardware and reinforcement 

Painting and glazing 

5 tanks, capacity 4100 gallons 

Pumps, piping, connections, and fittings . . . 
Steam coils 



Mate 
rial. 



$ 2 
3 

18. 

50. 
2 

75. 

25. 
280. 
100. 

16. 



Labor 



3.50 

3.50 

17.00 

35.00 

2.50 

47.00 

30.00 

296.00 

63.00 

12.00 



Supervision and contingencies 
Total , 



or about $3 per square foot or 16£ cts. per cubic foot. 



Total 
unit. 



$ .50 
6.00 
6.50 

35.00 



5.00 



Cost. 



$ 34.00 
318.00 
149.00 
245.00 

85.00 

25.00 
122.00 

55.00 
576.00 
163.00 

28.00 



$1,800.00 
180.00 



$1,980.00 



ICE HOUSES. 135 



Ice Houses. 

Ice houses are generally framed structures built by the railway 
company to store ice at divisional, terminal, and other points con- 
venient for storage and supply. The houses are stocked in winter, 
and the ice used for drinking purposes, etc., in office, car, freight, 
and general service. 

For office and car service the ice is washed and broken up in the 
ice house, and trucked to the cars, etc. For refrigerator freight ser- 
vice a siding is generally placed close to the ice house, with an 
elevated platform running alongside, from which the ice is handled 
from house to car by trucks. 

Ice-handling machinery for storing and handling blocks of ice 
either into or out of storage consists, if the quantity is small, 
of adjustable tackle hung from beams projecting over the doors, 
the doors being arranged in tiers to facilitate the handling of ice at 
different levels; when large quantities are handled, elevating and 
lowering machines on the endless chain, pneumatic, or brake prin- 
ciple are used which automatically dump the blocks at any level 
desired. 

In estimating the capacity of ice houses, the height of storage is 
usually reckoned to the eaves, and a ton of ice will occupy from 
40 to 45 cubic feet of space. 

Cost. — Ordinary frame structures, cedar sill foundation, insu- 
lated walls, two air spaces and three boards, insulated partitions 
and roof with louver ventilators, and 1-inch rough hemlock board 
floor, on a cinder bed as per Fig. 64, will cost approximately $3.00 
to $4.50 per ton capacity, or 7 to 10 cents per cubic foot. 

APPROXIMATE COST OF VARIOUS SIZES OF ICE HOUSES. 

Wood Masonry 
founda- Founda- 
tions, tions. 
250-ton ice house 24 feet wide by 36 feet long by 18 feet 

high to eaves $ 950 $ 1,300 

500-ton ice house 24 feet wide by 72 feet long by 18 feet 

high to eaves 1,850 2,500 

1000-ton ice house 30 feet wide by 84 feet long by 20 feet 

high to eaves 3,350 4,000 

2000-ton ice house 30 feet wide by 168 feet long by 20 feet 

high to eaves 6,650 7,800 

3000-ton ice house 30 feet wide by 252 feet long by 20 feet 
high to eaves 9,950 11,500 




. S. . ; : ; 

SECTION 








ELEVATION 







PLAN 

Ice House. 



ICE HOUSES. 



137 



APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE FOR A 250-TON ICE HOUSE. (Fig. 64.) 



Quantities. 



20,000 feet board measure lumber,per thousand 

Doors 

Hardware 

Paint 

Cinders and drain 



Mate- 
terial. 



$18.00 
25.00 
25.00 
34.00 



Labor. 



$17.00 
10.00 
15.00 
40.00 



Total 
unit. 



$35.00 



Supervision and contingencies. 

If masonry foundation, add. . 
Total 



Cost. 



700.00 
35.00 
40.00 
74.00 
18.00 



$ 867.00 
83.00 



$ 950.00 
350.00 



$1300.00 



Construction. — To avoid shrinkage as much as possible, stone 
or concrete foundations should be used for the outer walls; 
ordinary wood sill foundation is not sufficient to prevent 
heat penetrating through the outside ground to the floor in 
summer. 

The outer walls and roof should be insulated with at least three 
coverings of board and two air spaces, and a vent should extend 
the full length of roof. 

The house should be divided up into a number of compartments, 
the cross partitions serving to tie in the main walls instead of iron 
rods; it also serves to lessen the exposure of ice to warm air when 
ice is going out; it divides the house into so many units, and one 
unit only is exposed when handling. 

v The floor should slope slightly both ways to the center of the 
house and be well drained, the drain having a water seal and vent 
when possible. 

Cutting, Storing, and Handling. — No doubt the method of 
cutting, storing, and handling the ice has a great deal to do with 
obtaining results. Outer doors should be used only when filling the 
house, and inner doors for removing; working always to one main 
outlet rather than to a series of outlets. All ice should have snow 
caps planed off before storing, and the blocks cut to a size easily 
handled; 100 pounds or thereabout, 10 to 14 inches thick, is 
recommended. 



138 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

When storing, a space should be left all around each block, so 
that it may not be necessary to hack and break the ice too much 
when removing. For quick and easy handling ice machines should 
be used rather than slides or block tackle, to avoid waste and to 
deliver the ice in good condition. 

Artificial Ice Making. 

In many localities it may be cheaper to erect a mechanical ice- 
making plant than to store ice, and the following is an approxi- 
mate estimate of the installation and the cost of operating a 20-ton 
capacity plant by steam and electric power. 

When electric power can be obtained at a cheap rate, the cost of 
a boiler house is saved, and the inconvenience of handling coal, etc., 
is done away with, or when the house can be placed in some posi- 
tion in the yard where steam is available the same remarks would 
apply. 

Steam Plant. — Capacity 20 tons of ice per day per 24 hours, 
allowing for 300 working days = 6000 tons per year. 

Approximate cost of installation. 

Boiler, machine shop, and ice house $ 6, 250 . 00 

Boiler and machinery foundations 800 . 00 

Water pipes and connections 500 . 00 

Boiler, feed water pump, injector, steam engine, steam 
pipes and connections, ammonia compressor, condenser, 
ice tank with cans, coils, ice lift, etc., including insula- 
tion and all connections, erected complete 20, 500.00 

Distilling plant .'. . . 2, 500.00 



1,550.00 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 3 , 050 . 00 

$33,600.00 

Approximate cost of operating steam plant, figuring 300 days 

per year. 

Interest on first cost $33,600 at 6% $2,016.00 

2 engineers at $2.50 $ 5.00 

1 helper at $1.50 1.50 

2 ice men at $2 4.00 

Oil and waste 1 • 00 

3 tons of coal at $3 9 . 00 

Depreciation, repairs, and incidentals 3.50 

$24.00X300 7,200.00 

Total $9, 21 6 . 00 

or $1.54 per ton. 



ARTIFICIAL ICE MAKING. 139 

Electric Drive. — Capacity 20 tons per day per 24 hours, 
allowing for 300 working days = 6000 tons per year. 

Approximate cost of installation. 

Machine shop and ice house $ 4, 000 . 00 

Foundations 500 . 00 

Water pipes and connections 500 . 00 

Motor, compressor, condenser, ice tank with cans, coils, 
ice lift, etc., including insulation and all connections, 

erected complete 19, 533 . 00 



I, 533.00 
Distilling apparatus, if steam can be furnished 2, 500.00 

$27,033.00 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 2, 767 . 00 



$29,800.00 



Approximate cost of operating electric plant. 



$29,800 at 6% . $1,788.00 

Electric power, 60 H.P. at $40 per year 2, 400 . 00 

2 engineers at $2.50 $ 5 . 00 

2 ice men at $2 4 . 00 

Oil and waste 1 . 00 

Depreciation, repairs, and incidentals 4.00 

$14 . 00X 300 days 4, 200 . 00 

y 

Total $8,388.00 

or $1.40 per ton. • 



140 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Cold Storage. 

For hotel, dining car, and restaurant service it is necessary to 
have good storage and ample facilities for keeping eatables in first- 
class condition, as the supplies are usually bought in large quanti- 
ties; this necessitates either an ice or mechanical refrigeration plant. 
For dining car service the building is generally located at one end 
of the sleeping and dining car stores, and in the basement of hotels 
or restaurants. 

Comparing natural ice and mechanical refrigeration, the latter 
is by far the best means of keeping dining supplies; with natural 
ice the cooling process is limited, there is also dampness and poor 
ventilation to contend with ; ice leaves a residue liable to foul unless 
the storage box is cleaned out frequently. 

With the mechanical cold air process the proper temperature 
for keeping supplies in the best condition can be attained, and the 
temperature can be varied for any class of goods; the air is purified 
and fresh at all times. 

Cold Air Refrigeration, (Fig. 65.) — The walls and partitions 
are insulated similar to ice houses, and divided mto compartments 
for storing the various classes of goods. 

The mechanical plant is placed at one end of the building, and 
consists of a steam engine coupled to a double-acting ammonia 
compressor, an ammonia condenser and receiver, with all necessary 
ammonia gauges and gauge boards; connection pipes and fittings, 
including an air cooler, consisting of an iron tank with refrigerator 
coils, brine pump, air fan, and sundry connections. 

The cooler is placed next to the cold storage room, and the wall 
between it and the engine room must be insulated similar to outer 
walls. 

The following is a comparative estimate of installing and operat- 
ing a cold air plant and natural ice refrigeration plant. 



COLD STORAGE. 



141 



Ceilins 



Floor 



Floor 



ELEVATION 

'Filler out of 4"x 6° 



Gravel 




Engine 
Room 



Cold 
Storage 



Cold 
Storage 



Cold 
Storage 



Corridor 



D 



Cold Storage 



Cold Storage 



PLAN 
Fig. 65. Cold Storage House. 



142 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Cold Air Plant. — Six tons capacity, approximate cost of 
installation and operation. 

Cold storage house 40 / X48 / X24 / high, $3600 at 6% $216.00 

Cost of 6-ton ice plant, $3200 at 6% per annum 192 . 00 

Foundations for ice plant, $200 at 6% per annum 12.00 

10 horsepower per annum at $40 per horsepower 400 . 00 

Maintenance, repairs, and depreciation 42 . 00 

Labor, one man at $2 per day (see note) 730 . 00 

Ammonia per annum 30 . 00 

Water rates 35 . 00 

$1,657.00 

Note. — One man can run an ordinary 35 horsepower plant and also assist in the 
shop or stores at other work. Less than 30% of his time is taken up with the cold 
storage plant. 

Natural Ice Plant. — Approximate cost of installation, and 
operation. 

Increased height of building for ice storage with air ducts, drain- 
age, lifts, and insulation, $4800 at 6% per annum $ 288 . 00 

3 tons of ice per day at $2 per ton 2190 . 00 

Labor, one man at $1 .50 per day 548 . 00 

$3,026.00 

From the above it will be noted that the cold air plant, besides 
keeping the supplies in better condition, is a good deal less costly 
than buying ice at the price quoted. 

Construction. — For cold storage buildings the construction is 
about as follows: 

Rubble or concrete foundation walls taken below frost, 24 inches 
thick, with 12-inch footing course. 

Outer Walls, Frame Buildings. — Beginning on the outer 
face, two layers of 1-inch matched sheathing, with insulating 
paper between, 2"X6" studs at 16-inch centers, two layers 1-inch 
sheathing with insulating paper between, 2"X4" studs 16-inch 
centers, with 1-inch matched sheathing, 2 by 2 studs 16-inch 
centers, with two layers of 1-inch sheathing and insulating paper 
between; with this arrangement the walls are about 20 inches 
thick. All spaces are filled with mill shavings. 

Ground Floor. — A bed of gravel at least 12 inches thick, 
with 3"X3" sills on top, at 18-inch centers, covered with 1-inch 
matched sheathing, and 1 // X2 // scantling on top, and two layers 
of 2"X4" matched flooring over, laid flat with insulating paper 
between. All spaces are filled with mill shavings. 



COLD STORAGE. 143 

Inner Walls. — Between cold storage rooms: 2"X6 // studs at 
18-inch centers, with two layers of 1-inch matched sheathing on 
either side, and insulating paper between boards, all spaces filled 
with mill shavings. 

Between cold storage rooms and corridors: 2"x8" studs at 
18-inch centers, with two layers of 1-inch matched sheathing 
and insulating paper between on the inside, and 1-inch matched 
sheathing, and 1" X 2" scantling 18 -inch centers covered with two 
layers of matched sheathing, with insulating between, on the cor- 
ridor side. 

Ceiling. — Two-inch by 8-inch studs at 18-inch centers, with 
two layers of 1-inch matched sheathing on each side, with insu- 
lating paper between boards. Spaces filled with mill shavings. 

Roof. — Two-inch by 8-inch studs, 18-inch centers, with two 
layers 1-inch sheathing on each side, with insulating paper be- 
tween, roof joists 4 // Xl2" at 8-foot centers, with 3-inch T. and G. 
boarding on top, covered with 5-ply tar and gravel roofing. 

Cold Air Ducts. — Wooden air ducts are provided for exhaust- 
ing the air from the various rooms to the fan and cooler, and 
from the cooler back into the rooms. 

Insulation for the main suction ducts consists of two layers 
J-inch T. and G. sheathing with double insulating papers between 
and T'Xl" battens on the outside covered with 1-inch T. and G. 
sheathing; other ducts consist of double boarding with insulating 
paper between. 

The ducts are placed usually on each side of the room close to 
the ceiling, with hardwood slides on the bottom of the delivery 
ducts and on the sides of the suction ducts. 



144 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Coaling Stations. 

Coaling stations are erected to supply engines quickly with 
coal, to reduce delay to engines and to release coal cars as soon 
as possible, to take care of all coal held for emergencies (at least 
three days' supply), and to minimize the cost of handling. 

They are usually built at divisional, terminal, and other points 
and are principally constructed of wood, though concrete and 
steel are coming into extensive use for this class of structure. 
Generally speaking, no mechanical plant can handle coal, ashes. 
and sand with the same mechanism and do it efficiently: the 
nature of the materials is such as to render this a very difficult 
matter. 

The structure is usually located parallel to or across the round- 
house tracks, convenient to the cinder pits, the arrangement 
depending upon the type of coaling plant adopted. 

Hand Shoveling. — The coal is shoveled direct from flat- 
bottom cars into the locomotives, the track being elevated in 
some cases to facilitate shoveling; this method is probably the 
cheapest for very small amounts. 

The cost of elevated track depends on the nature of the ground. 
In many cases the location may lend itself to make this a very 
easy and cheap method. When a trestle or fill has to be made the 
approximate cost would be §250 to $500. 

Jib Crane and Buckets. — Where the demand is somewhat 
heavier than the above, but quick service is not essential, a plat- 
form is added and one-ton buckets used for storage, the buckets 
being filled when convenient and held ready for service when 
required. A jib crane operated by air is used to hoist and dump 
the buckets. This method is also cheap for a limited quantity, 
when air can be piped from the boiler house close by. The 
same remarks in connection with the elevated track for hand 
shoveling will apply here also, and the approximate cost would 
average $750 to SI 500 or more. 

When a platform is used alone the cost would average from 
25 to 50 cents per square foot of platform. 

.Mechanical Plants. — The ordinary mechanical plants, con- 
sisting of elevated pockets fed by endless chain, belt, or buckets, 
are arranged to hold from 30 to 800 tons or more; the amount 



COALING STATIONS. 145 

of coal elevated per day depending upon the capacity required, 
the number of tracks to be served, and the storage necessary for 
emergencies. 

The cost of a mechanical type of coaling plant varies accord- 
ing to capacity and style of plant adopted, and may range from 
$20 to $75 per ton capacity. In cases where it is necessary 
to weigh the coal taken by locomotives the cost is somewhat 
increased. 

In figuring the cost of handling coal the unit considered is 
generally one ton of 2000 pounds. 

To make a fair comparison for any type the following items 
should be estimated and fair values given to each. 
Capacity of Plant. 

Interest on first cost 6 per cent. 

Depreciation 10 per cent to 20 per cent. 

Operation. 
Maintenance. 
Car storage. 
Switching charges. 

Capacity of Plant. — In addition to the tons of coal handled 
per day, the storage capacity of the plant should be considered. 

Car Storage. — Car storage is usually much more expensive 
than storing in bins. Figuring a car holds 40 tons, and that it is 
worth a dollar a. day, storage in cars costs 2 J cents per ton per day. 

Self-clearing cars can be unloaded into a hopper at from 5 to 6 
cents less per ton than from flat-bottom cars by hand. 

Switching. — When coal is delivered in self-clearing cars and 
dumped into a hopper, tracks can be arranged so that cars can be 
handled by gravity, without the need of a switcher, thereby reduc- 
ing the cost of operation. 

Two=pocket Plant, Single Track, Wood Structure. — Fig. 66 
illustrates a two-pocket single-track McHenry coaling plant with 
dynamometer weighing device to each pocket so that the amount 
of coal taken by each tender can be recorded. Capacity 70 tons. 
Cost complete $4000 to $5500. 

Four=pocket Plant, Single Track, Wood Structure. — Fig. 67 
illustrates a four-pocket, single-track McHenry coaling plant with 
weighing device to each pocket. Capacity 140 tons. Cost com- 
plete $8000 to $9500. 



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COALING STATIONS. 147 

In the two and four pocket plants the coal car is spotted over 
the hopper and dumped, the coal running by gravity into the boot, 
where it is hoisted by endless chain and bucket method to the 
pockets above. On the upper horizontal run the coal is scraped 
along the conveyor. Gates are provided to each pocket so that the 
coal may be dumped into any one desired by leaving the gate open. 
In the four-pocket plant the chains and buckets make an entire 
circuit round the house, the drive being set above the up-shaft end. 
The engine house with steam or gasoline power is placed a little 
beyond the coal structure, and a rope drive connects the engine 
with, the main drive above. If desired, the mechanism can be 
motor driven direct or by pulley, thus dispensing with the engine 
house, when electric power can be obtained. The chain speed is 
65 feet per minute and the power consumption about 12 to 15 
horsepower. The space under the pockets may be boarded and 
used for storage purposes. 

Four=pocket, Three=track Plant, Wood Structure. — Fig. 68 
illustrates a four-pocket, 150-ton elevated capacity, three-track 
coaling plant. Cost complete $10,000 to $12,000 with dynamometer 
weighing device to each pocket, so that the amount of coal taken 
by each tender is recorded. Under the elevated pockets next to 
the coal hopper the space is boarded and used for storage purposes 
if desired, gates being provided so that the coal can flow back into 
the hopper and- be re-elevated when necessary. 

This structure is a modification of the McHenry type of coaling 
plant, and consists of two double elevated coal pockets, located 
between three tracks and connected together on top by a house 
spanning two tracks; the bottom hopper, into which the coal is 
dumped, is located behind the main pocket on one side, and is ele- 
vated 6 feet 6 inches above the locomotive service track, and made 
wide enough to take side-dump as well as center-dump cars. 

The elevating mechanism consists of endless chain and buckets 
and a steel boot. From the bottom of the hopper the chain is car- 
ried up and over the house across the tracks, returning under the 
floor, and back to the boot. The drive is run by electric motor 
controlled by a switch on the ground near the coal dump hopper 
for the convenient use of the operator. 

When the coal is dumped into the hopper it flows by gravity 
into the boot, regulated by a gate, and is picked up by the endless 



148 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




Fig. 68. Three-Track Coaling Plant. 



COALING STATIONS. 149 

buckets and hoisted up to the elevated pockets above and along the 
horizontal trough over the track. Openings with slide doors and 
chutes are arranged to supply any pocket with coal when desired. 
The chain speed is 65 feet per minute and the power consumption 
about 20 horsepower. 

Sand Tower. — With the foregoing arrangement three tracks 
are provided for coaling locomotives, and the space between the 
elevated pockets facing the track may be used as a sand tower, so 
arranged that sand can be furnished on two tracks, the sand being 
elevated by air pressure from a cylinder in the drying room through 
inclined pipes, the sand house being located between the two 
tracks about 50 feet ahead of the structure. The cost of the wood 
sand house lined with galvanized iron on the outside, including 
sand bins between coal pockets and all mechanism, averages from 
$1200 to $1500. 

Balanced Bucket or Holman Type. (Fig. 69.) — The elevated 
pocket has a capacity of 350 tons. The coal car is spotted over the 
hopper and fed by gravity into two vertical cars that are alter- 
nately hoisted and lowered, one going up as the other comes down. 
The buckets are automatically fed and dumped by feed device and 
tripping arrangements, the buckets being designed to hold three 
tons and are self-clearing. 

They are operated by hoist with cable drive and 25 horsepower 
motor controlled by the operator in the engine room. At a speed 
of 60 feet per minute 100 tons can be delivered to the elevated 
pocket per hour. 

The approximate cost of the plant complete averages from 
$12,000 to $15,000. 

Belt Conveyor. (Fig. 70.) — This plant may consist of one or 
a series of pockets with an inclined belt on a 25-degree slope, fed 
from a track hopper beneath the coal car track, the coal being 
delivered to the belt by automatic feeders. 

A 30 inches wide belt, 180 feet run, with a speed of 100 feet per 
minute will deliver 50 tons per hour. 

The belt and its supports with a gang walk is usually housed 
in and supported by trestle, under which the engine room is 
placed. 

The coal pockets are wood construction usually, and a sand shed 
beneath the coal wharf can be arranged and the sand shot by air 



150 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




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Hoisting Drum 



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Fig. 69. Balanced Bucket Type Coaling riant. 



COALING STATIONS. 



151 



to a storage tank at the top of the bin, from which it is piped to 
the engines as required. 

The approximate cost of a wooden structure, single pocket, 500 
tons capacity plant, including sand house, etc., complete, averages 
from $12,000 to $18,000. 




Fig. 70. Belt Conveyor Type of Coaling Plant. 

Locomotive Crane. (Fig. 71.) — With the locomotive crane 
the coal is taken direct from flat-bottom cars by grab buckets 
and hoisted into the tender. When self-clearing cars are used a 
pit is constructed and the coal dumped, from which it is handled 
by the crane. 




Fig. 71. Coaling Crane. 



To avoid delays to locomotives elevated pockets are some- 
times built and the coal hoisted by a long boom crane. With 



152 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



proper structural facilities the crane can also handle cinders, 
and in some cases the sand, and is available at odd times for 
switching cars. 

The cost of the locomotive crane set up complete depends on 
its capacity and may vary from $5000 to §9500 or more. The 
cost of storage pit and elevated pockets when desired is also a 
very variable quantity. In addition a certain amount of special 
track and yard room has to be figured. 

A one-ton bucket and 42-foot boom crane with a 50-ton ele- 
vated pocket, including the extra track arrangement, would 
average S7500 to $9500. 

The cost of handling coal by crane depends upon the scheme 
of coaling facilities and the work it can do in handling ashes, 
etc., at odd times. 





Kg. 72. Trestle Type Coaling Plant. 



Elevated Chutes Trestle Type). (Fig. 72.) — For flat-bottom 
car service where the coal is shoveled by hand into elevated 
bins, the trestle requires to be at least 25 feet above the engine 
track. 

If the cars are pushed up the trestle by a switching engine, 



COALING STATIONS. 153 1 

the grade should not be more than 5 per cent; if by stationary 
hoisting engine, this can be increased to 20 per cent. 

For the trestle type of coaling station the hoisting engine is 
considered the best way to elevate the coal. The switching of 
the cars on the trestle by ordinary locomotives is considered 
dangerous and expensive. 

This plant consists of a wood trestle 5 per cent grade, with 
two 100-ton pockets and sand bin located between tracks. 

The approximate cost complete is from $15,000 to $18,000. 



154 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Coal Storage. 

Towers. — For hoisting coal from boats to storage pockets on 
wharfs, or coal storage adjacent to the wharfs, the elevated 
tower type of hoist is principally used, either built stationary on 
the wharf or arranged to run on track and trestle. 

For quick service the one-man steeple type is used, requiring 
two engines, one operating the grab shovel and the other to run 
the trolley in and out on the boom. 

The ordinary sizes and capacities are: 

One-ton shovel, average capacity 400 to 500 tons per 10 hours. 

Two-ton shovel, average capacity 600 to 700 tons per 10 hours. 

Two and one-half-ton shovel, average capacity 700 to 800 tons 
per 10 hours. 

Where favorable conditions exist the above capacities can be 
increased 50 to 100 per cent. 

The bucket is operated by two steel wire ropes or flat link 
chains from independent drums on the hoisting engine, one clos- 
ing the shovel in the coal while the other is hanging slack. When 
the shovel has been closed both chains are used to hoist it. 

The operations of filling and dumping are automatic, excepting 
at the last, a few laborers are required for cleaning up. 

Approximate cost. — As most all towers have to be built 
specially to suit the varying local conditions the cost is extremely 
variable, depending upon the condition of wharfj service required, 
etc. For estimating purposes $20,000 to $30,000 is a fair average 
price for one steel tower installed complete, with two-ton shovel. 

Towers and Cable Railway. — When the storage yard is 
some distance from the wharf a cable railway is very often oper- 
ated in conjunction with the coal hoists. The cable cars, holding 
one to three tons, are fed from the tower hopper and make a cir- 
cuit or continuous loop around the building or yard on an elevated 
trestle track, automatically dumping the coal at any point desired. 

The cost of trestle and cable railway system will vary with 
local conditions, storage capacity and service required. The cable 
car trestle may range from $10 to $50 per foot; the cable cars 
$200 to $300 each; the engine drives, power house, boilers, etc., 
are all too variable to give approximate costs that would be of 
any value. 



COAL STORAGE. 155 

When the coal is dumped on the ground it may be rehandled 
again by steam cranes into cars, tracks for which are usually 
provided. 

Towers, Cable Railway, and Traveling Bridge. — When 
the storage and rehandling of coal are extremely large, the towers 
and cable railway are further supplemented with traveling bridges, 
which span the yard and transfer the cable cars across its length 
so that the coal can be dumped over the whole storage area. In 
some instances the entire plant — tower, cable railway, and bridge 
— moves together on the wharf. 

Fig. 73 illustrates a scheme for handling enormous quantities 
of coal designed by the Mead Morrison Company of Chicago. 

The coal is hoisted from the boats at the wharf by the ordi- 
nary tower cranes and hoppers into cable cars that circuit around 
the wharf and up the center of the storage yard on an elevated 
trestle. On either side of the yard is a traveling bridge which 
transfers the cable cars at any point across the yard. By this 
scheme all of the ground can be utilized for storage. The elevated 
coal pockets are arranged under the cable car trestle and car tracks 
run alongside. The coal is rehoisted from the pile from both sides 
of the bridge and trolleyed to the hopper ends, where it is redumped 
into the cable cars and run to the elevated storage or to any point 
desired. 

A plant of this size would handle 2000 to 3000 tons per day, 
and the approximate cost of equipment installed complete would 
average $350,000 to $500,000. 



156 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




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ASH PITS. 157 

Ash Pits. 

Ash pits are required at divisional and other points so that 
ash pans of locomotives can be cleaned out. 

The pits are usually placed convenient to the coal and water 
supply, and within easy reach of the turntable. 

There seems to be a tendency at the present time to locate the 
ash pits inside or adjacent to the engine house, so that the work 
may be done under cover, and thus facilitate inspection with less 
engine movement. 

The time required to clean a locomotive ash pan is from twenty 
to sixty minutes, depending on weather and other conditions, 
hence the type of ash pit to select depends on the number of 
engines to be handled and the time in which it has to be done. 

Construction. — The walls are usually built of stone or con- 
crete or 12"X12" cedar timbers. When concrete is used a lining 
of fire brick is built on the inside face of walls, and when of tim- 
ber old boiler plate is used. The lining of fire brick or other 
protection is necessary to protect the walls from the detrimental 
effect of hot ashes. On account of the wave action when the 
engines travel over the pit it is difficult to keep the rails anchored 
to the masonry, and for this reason wood stringers, or cast-iron 
rail chairs 3-foot to 4-foot centers are used frequently. The wood 
stringers are protected by a covering of sheet metal. 

Water is used to cool the ashes, and this necessitates a water 
service with hose connection, valves, etc., and proper drainage. 
A sump hole 12 inches wide and 12 inches deep at one end of 
the pit, with the floor dished so as to drain to the sump, serves 
the purpose, the outlet to drain being placed on the side of the 
wall about 6 inches above the floor of sump. 

P». 

12 "x u'stringer 




Fig. 74. Shallow Ash Pit. 

Shallow Pit. (Fig. 74.) — This type of pit is built in long 
lengths, and necessitates sufficient help being on hand to remove 
the ashes promptly. It is also used for temporary work during 
construction and occasionally on main lines. 

Approximate cost, $5 to $7 per lineal foot complete. 



158 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Deep Ash Pit, Closed Sides. (Fig. 75.) — The deep ash pit is 
constructed somewhat after the ordinary engine house pit, built 




Fig. 75. Deep Ash Pit. 

33 feet long and over. When two pits are placed on the same 
track they should be at least 50 feet apart. The ashes may be 
dumped directly into the pit and then shoveled out by hand, or 
small ash cars or buckets may be used under the engines to 
catch the cinders, the buckets being hoisted out by crane or air 
hoist when the track is clear. 

Approximate cost, $8 to $10 per lineal foot without buckets or 
hoist. Cost, $17 to S35 per lineal foot with buckets and hoist. 
A pit 33 feet long with two ends would average $300 complete. 



2-80 lb. Rails 







--.o-.-or- 



3'o: 

-■°-. c <■■■-■ 









1 



Fig. 76. Deep Open Ash Pit. 



Deep Ash Pit, Open One Side. (Fig. 76.) — This pit is similar to 
Fig. 75, excepting that the pit is open on one side and the 
outer rail is supported by cast-iron posts. The ashes may be 
dumped and shoveled out by hand while the engine is over the 
pit, or small ash cars or buckets may be used to catch the cinders, 
arranged to be pulled out from the sides and then hoisted by 



MECHANICAL ASH PLANTS. 



159 



crane to dump into ash car. The latter method is known as 
the Ord type of ash pit. 

Approximate cost, $18 to $25 per lineal foot without buckets 
or hoist. Approximate cost, $35 to $50 per lineal foot with ash 
buckets and air hoist. 



Tie Rod 



2-80 Ib.Rails 








Fig. 77. Depressed Ash Pit. 

Depressed Pit. (Fig. 77.) — This pit is similar to Fig. 76 with 
a depressed ash car track on the outside, the ashes being 
shoveled direct into the cinder car. 

Approximate cost, $25 to $35 per lineal foot. 



Mechanical Ash Plants. 

Ashes are best handled in bulk, so that most mechanical plants 
are arranged to dump the ashes directly into small cars or 
buckets under the engine tracks, the small cars running on tracks 
at right angles to the pit so that they can be pulled out and 
hoisted by trolley, crane, or other device and automatically 
dumped into the cinder car. 

Gantry Crane. (Fig. 78.) — The trolley beam is hinged at 
one end and is worked by air cylinder, with sheaves fastened to 
the gantry frame. The crane is moved along the track by 



160 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Air Cyc. 




^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 



Fig. 78. Gantry Crane. 





Fig. 79. Ord Ash Pit. 



Steel Frame 




Ash Hoppers. 








m^r 



Ash Bucket 
Detachable Truck 



Fig. 80. Dump Bucket and Hoist. 



MECHANICAL ASH PLANTS. 161 

geared hand wheels, one on each side, and the air is conveyed to 
the cylinder by hose pipe suspended on trolleys on an overhead 
wire. The supply of air is generally obtained from the engine or 
boiler house close by. 

When the engines are off the ash pit, the gantry frame picks 
up the filled ash baskets and runs them by trolley to the ash car, 
where they are automatically dumped. By lowering the boom 
the basket is returned to the ash pit. 

Approximate cost complete, with 6 ash baskets, $800 to $1200. 

Ord Ash Pit. (Fig. 79.) — The ash baskets are placed under 
locomotive ash pan and pulled out from the side and hoisted by 
air crane and dumped without interfering with the movement of 
engines. The rails on which the ash baskets run are made of 
pipe, in which steam circulates, keeping the pit free of snow and 
preventing the water used in cooling the ashes from freezing. 

Approximate cost of a single-track 30-foot ash pit with crane 
and four ash baskets complete, $1200 to $2000. 

Dump Bucket and Hoist. (Fig. 80.) — The engines are cleaned 
out over the track hoppers and the ashes dumped and run 
into a detachable bottom dump bucket in the cross pit. A 
man in the pit operates the hopper gates and chutes and moves 
the buckets when filled, to the hoist, where they are raised and 
automatically dumped into the ash car. Perforated water pipes 
are placed around the sides of the ash hopper for cooling off the 
hot cinders. This type of pit is used by the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road at Cleveland and Alliance. 

Approximate cost of installation is said to be about $5000. 



162 RAILROAD STRICTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Sand Houses. 

At divisional and other points where engines are housed, pro- 
vision is usually made to supply locomotives with sand to use in 
case of slipping on heavy grades or on account of climatic condi- 
tions. This generally consists of a small wooden house with an 
extension wet sand storage bin and an elevated dry sand box or 
tower, into which the sand is elevated by manual labor or some 
mechanical hoisting device or by blowing it through a pipe by 
compressed air. where it is stored and run by gravity to the sand 
box of the locomotive when required. The shed is generally 
arranged so that the wet sand can be conveniently delivered and 
shoveled from cars to the storage bin, the bin being sufficient, to 
hold at least one carload. A small room is provided to house in 
the sand drier and hoisting mechanism, etc. 

Instead of hoisting the sand into elevated hoppers, a platform 
is often used on which dry sand is placed in buckets arranged so 
that they can be easily handled by the enginemen. the platform 
being placed alongside the engine track on a level with the foot- 
board of engines. 

The sand is dried by cast or sheet iron drying stoves, or by steam 
pipe troughs, and is generally screened before being placed for use. 

The sand house is usually located in close proximity to the coal 
and water supply, so that engines when taking coal or water can at 
the same time obtain their supply of sand. 

Approximate cost. (Fig. 81.) — 32 feet long. 13 feet wide, con- 
sisting of wet sand bin 16' X 12', drying room 14' X 12'. small 
coal bin, sand drier and screen, compressed air cylinder and ele- 
vated sand tower, masonry foundation. $700 to $900. With wood 
foundation, balance as above, $600 to $700. 

Construction. — Wood sills or masonry foundation, concrete 
floor in sand-drying house, frame walls. 2-inch plank on 4" X 4" 
studs at 4-foot centers, lined on the outside with corrugated iron; 
no finish inside; roof. 3-inch plank with 6" X 8" beam, tar and 
gravel finish; tower. 8" X 8" posts well anchored to base at floor 
level, height about 30 feet from base of rail to center of sand stor- 
age, braced with 2" X 6" horizontal and cross timbers; sand tower 
walls 2-inch plank with corner posts, roofed over with J-inch T. and 
G. boards, covered with shingles and building paper between boards. 



SAND HOUSES. 



163 



12 x 12 Hardwood 




TRACK ELEV. 



Fig. 81. 



SECTION 



v.v 



-16-9- 

— n_ 



2 Plank 

Wet Sand 



Cedar Hosts 



•32 



-153- 



Eurnace 



Drying Room 



Coal 



Screen 
Air Cy^J 



PLAN 



164 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



The tower is provided with sand valve and spout with rubber hose 
at end for running the sand to the engines. 

Wet Sand Storage. — Two-inch plank walls supported by S" > v 
posts about S-foot centers, set on cedar sills on the ground, or the 
posts may extend into the ground 5 feet or thereabout: roofing 
2-inch plank and S" X S" rafters, with tar and gravel finish. The 
length of wet sand bin varies to suit conditions. 

Approximate estimate of cost. 



Qualities. 



Ma:, 



Lai w. 



To' 



40 cubic yards excavation 

24 cubic yards concrete 

8 cubic yards sand fill 

8000 feet board measure lumber, per thousand 

2 doors 

1 window 

1 sand-drying furnace with cast-iron smoke 

jack and piping 

1 compressed air sand cylinder 

30 feet 2^-inch pipe 

1 glove valve 

1 drain cock 

5 squares galvanized or corrugated iron, per 

square 

Sand screen 

1 sway supply spout with connections 

l\ squares shingles, per square 1,100 square 

feet) 

4 squares tar and gravel roof, per square (100 

square feet) 

Painting 

Concrete floor 



S3. 50 $3.50 
i 



IS. 00 17.00 

5.00 2.50 

6.00 3.00 

20.00 23.00 

25.00 30.00 



.16 

1.75 



17 

50 

25 



4.00 3.00 

2.00 .50 

20.00, 9.25 

2.00> 2.00 

2 50 2 . 50 

14.00 16.00 

8.00 12.00 



SO. 50 

7.00 

.50 

35.00 
7.50 
9.00 



.33 



7.00 



4.00 
5.00 



Cos: 



S20.00 
168.00 

4.00 

2S0.00 

15.00 

9.00 

43.00 

55.00 

10.00 

2.25 

1.00 

35.00 

2.50 

29.25 

6.00 

20.00 
30.00 
20.00 



S750.00 
If wood foundation is used under sand-drvins: room, deduct 150.00 



$600.00 



TRACK SCALES. 165 



Track Scales. 



The ordinary railroad track scales for freight-car service are 
100 to 150 tons capacity, and are usually placed on masonry foun- 
dations, with timber frame and platform, provided with dead and 
live rails. 

The scales are usually placed between the receiving and separat- 
ing yards, or on one side of the main yard, parallel with and next to 
the switching track convenient to the main line. 

Size, 8 feet wide, 42 feet long, and about 6 feet deep, with exten- 
sion on one side for the registering beam, and a shelter over for the 
weigher, when desired. 

Approximate cost. — -100 tons capacity scale, masonry founda- 
tion, wood scale frame, registering machine, shelter, dead and live 
track, platform, etc., all complete, $2600 to $3600. 

100 tons capacity scale, similar to above, with steel scale frame 
and cross ties (no dead track), all complete, $2900 to $3700. 

125 tons capacity scale, similar to above, dead and live track, 
with wood scale frame, all complete, $2800 to $3400. 

125 tons capacity scale, similar to above, with steel scale frame 
and cross ties (no dead track), all complete, $3200 to $3900. 

150 tons capacity scale, similar to above, with wood scale frame, 
dead and live track, all complete, $3000 to $4000. 

150 tons capacity scale, similar to above, with steel scale frame 
(no dead track), all complete, $3500 to $4500. 

Construction. — Masonry walls, pedestals, and concrete floor 
with drain, usually built from plans supplied by the scale company. 

Steel or timber frame for supporting the scale in accordance 
with the makers' details, including platform, registering scale box, 
dead and live track, etc. 

Shelter 6 feet wide, 10 feet long, 8 feet high, frame building on 
cedar sills, 2X4 studs, double outside boards with paper between. 

Double J-inch floor on 2" X 4" joists, flat roof sloping away 
from scale, with 2" X 4" rafters, covered with |--inch T. and G. 
boards and ready roofing. A small coal bin and a chimney are 
provided. 



166 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Approximate estimate of cost. 

100-ton scales (timber scale frame), masonry foundations, etc. 

120 cubic yards excavation at 50 cts $ 60 . 00 

75 cubic yards masonry at $7 525 . 00 

7000 feet board measure timber at $35 245 . 00 

300 pounds iron at 6 cts 18 . 00 

6-inch tile drain (100 feet laid) at 65 cts 65.00 

$913.00 

Dead and live rails, 2 tons 60-pound steel at $33 $ 66.00 

6 pairs angle bars at $50.40 per ton 3 . 00 

Bolts and spikes at $62.50 per ton 4.00 

2 turnouts complete at $237 474 . 00 

Laying switches and track 50 . 00 

597.00 

Installation of scales and freight $150.00 

Shelter 110.00 

260.00 

100 tons capacity scales (wood frame) $650 . 00 $1770 . 00 

Type registering machine . . . , 254 . 00 904 . 00 

$2674.00 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 266 . 00 

Total $2940.00 

150-ton scales (steel scale frame). 

140 cubic yards excavation at 50 cts $ 70.00 

90 cubic yards masonry at $7 630 . 00 

4000 feet board measure timber at $35 140.00 

12,000 steel at 4 cts .'. 480 . 00 

6-inch tile drain (100 feet laid) at 65 cts 65.00 

$1385.00 

Rails, 1 ton 60-pound steel at $33 $ 33 . 00 

3 pairs angle bars at $50.40 per ton 1 . 50 

Bolts and spikes at $62.50 per ton 2 . 00 

2 turnouts complete at $237 474 . 00 

Laying track 40 . 00 

Installation of scales, freight, etc 300 . 00 

Shelter 110.00 

860.50 

150 tons capacity scale (steel frame) $950 . 00 

Type registering machine 273 . 50 

1223.50 

$3469.00 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 331 . 00 

Total $3800.00 



STOCK YARDS. 167 

Stock Yards. (Fig. 80.) 

Stock yards are erected at way stations and terminals for 
receiving cattle for shipment, and also for rest and feeding pur- 
poses for cattle en route. The yards are located parallel with 
the siding tracks convenient to the roadway at stock business 
points. 

The ordinary wayside station stock yard consists of a series 
of fenced-in pens, with feeding and water troughs, including feed 
barns and shelters when necessary. 

The terminal stock yards are usually housed in and are 
arranged with pens, feeding and water facilities, to suit the 
different classes of stock. 

The usual arrangement is to provide loading and unloading 
platforms with chutes alongside the track. The platforms are 
made narrow so that the gates of the chutes when open shall 
come close to the cars for convenience in loading the cattle. 
The chutes lead to a main alleyway, from which the distribution 
of pens is arranged, the pens being divided to hold a car or 
portion of a car load, and made so as to open into one another 
and to branch alleyways in the center, so that the cattle may be 
sorted and classified if desired. Barns and shelters are erected 
on the branch alleyways for feeding purposes when necessary. 

In addition to feeding and shelter sheds, water has also to be 
provided, with frost-proof hydrant valves to avoid freezing, the 
pipes being graded to drain when not in use. 

Construction. — The construction generally is cedar posts 
6 inches to 9 inches in diameter, placed 5 to 6 foot centers, set into 
the ground solid. The fencing is from 6 to 7 feet high, of 1 to 2 inch 
material, with 3 to 8 inch spaces between. Feed racks are placed 
on one or two sides, made with 2"x6" plank, the height and 
width varying to suit the stock. Water troughs are placed on 
the opposite side of feed racks, and are made of 2-inch plank 
supported on 2-inch plank brackets, with three-fourths to 1 inch 
water supply taken from a 1^-inch main and extending above 
the water trough with a goose neck. The floor, where the busi- 
ness amounts to anything, is usually of concrete finished rough. 

An ordinary 20 car capacity stock yard would consist of a 
4-foot platform placed 7 feet from rail, with 4 loading chutes 



168 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Chute 




PLAN 20 CAR STOCK YARD 



Pen 



Pen 



/ 





A 








a 


t* 




u 


<3 




C3 


M 




M 



Pen 



Water 

r^ , 



£• Pen 



\ 



Pen 





A 








u 


u 


9 




a> 










>> 




a> 






Xi 




■d 


01 


<J 


CO 



Pen 



\y Platform 



i^Emc^ 



-XT 







Fig. 82. 



STOCK YARDS. 169 

40-foot centers and 3 unloading chutes ramped down to main 
alleyway, the depth varying from 20 to 50 feet or more, and the 
depth of alleyway 12 to 13 feet by 200 feet long. 

The area covered by the pens behind the main alleyway would 
be 213 feet long and 160 feet deep, divided into 10 pens, and one 
branch alleyway in the center 13 feet wide. The pens front and 
back would be 50'X50', and the center ones 50' X 100'. In the 
branch alleyways two shelters and two hay barns are erected 
projecting into the center pens as per Fig. 82. 

Approximate cost. — The approximate cost of open stock 
yards with concrete floor averages from 20 to 35 cents per square 
foot of area covered. 

The approximate cost of a 20 car capacity stock yard with 
feed racks, water troughs, hay barns, shelter, concrete floor, etc., 
complete, $5500 to $7500. 

The cost of frame barns and shelters, from 50 to 75 cents per 
square foot. 

The cost of enclosed stock yards, concrete floor for single-story 
frame buildings with skylights, etc., complete, varies from 65 to 
90 cents per square foot when the amount is fairly large. 



170 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Snow Sheds. 

Snow sheds are erected principally to protect the track from 
snow slides, and are designed to suit the varying conditions for 
each particular locality. 

Level fall sheds are alsc built where excessive heavy falls of 
snow are frequent. 

What might be termed a typical shed. Fig. 83, built with cedar 
crib on the inside to retain the earth, and rock backing from the 
original slope line, with roof over track, and trestle bent sup- 
ports on the outside. The width of roadbed is made sufficient to 
take summer and winter tracks. The bents on the outside are 
spaced 4 to 8 feet apart and sheathed with plank 2 to 4 inches 
thick, depending upon the span. 

Approximate cost, S45 to S80 per lineal foot of shed complete. 

A gallery shed (Fig. 84) is built with round or square timbers 
in trestle fashion to carry slide protection back to slope, and the 
roof over the track. The gallery bents are built 4 to 12 feet 
apart, with run beams to carry the roof joists and planking. 

Approximate cost, 818 to S45 per lineal foot of shed complete. 

A valley shed (Fig. 85) consists of two cribs with earth and 
rock backing and roof over tracks. The cribs resist the impact 
from sliding masses of snow that may come from either side. 

Approximate cost, 870 to 8100 per lineal foot, of shed complete. 

The crib and gallery sheds (Figs. 86 and 87) are a combination 
of crib and gallery trestling to take the slope with roof over track 
and timber trestle bents on the outside. 

Approximate cost. 830 to 860 per lineal foot of shed complete. 

Level fall shed not exposed to slides. The side walls are built 
of round or square timbers sheathed with plank, with double- 
pitched roof over track, properly braced, with openings left for 
ventilation. The width varies from 16 to 18 feet, and the height 
20 to 22 feet 6 inches clear, the bents being spaced from 5 to 12 
feet apart. 

Approximate cost, 810 to 815 per lineal foot of shed complete. 



SNOW SHEDS. 



171 




GALLERY SHED 
Fig. 84 




TOE CRIB AND GALLERY 
Fig.87 



172 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES 



Locomotive Turntables. (Fig. 88.) 

The two types in use are the deck and half-through turntables 
varying in length from 60 to 100 feet, the average being about 
70 feet. 

The deck is used where foundation is suitable, and the half- 
through where it is necessary to reduce the depth of pit on account 
of the character of the ground. 

"When a large number of locomotives have to be turned an air or 
electric motor is installed. Ordinarily, however, they are moved 
bv hand. 




Drain Pipe 
DECK TURNTABLE 



HALF THRO.TURNTABLE 



Biff. 88. 



Approximate cost. — 70-foot turntable and pit, masonry walls 
and cinder floor, installed complete, S7000 to S8500. 

70-foot turntable and pit, wood walls and earth floor, installed 
complete, $4000 to S5000. 

Construction. — The turntable has solid main girders made up 
of steel plates and angles, with lateral and diagonal stiffening 
frames and braces, all shop riveted and shipped ready to drop into 
place and receive the floor. The table is supported on the center 
pier and pivots on conical rollers or steel balls encased in a box 
with bearing plates under, fox bolted to the masonry. The end 
trailing wheels on the circular rail are set with journal boxes in 
channel irons that go across and connect with the girders. The 
floor consists of wood ties dimensioned to suit the span, with an 
inner guard, and sometimes a narrow 2-inch plank sidewalk on 
either side. 

The retaining walls and center pier may be built of wood, stone, 
or concrete, and the pit floor of cinders, good gravel, brick, or 
concrete. 

The circular rail for the trailing wheels is usually bolted to the 
walls, and the ballast walls finished on top with hardwood timbers 



LOCOMOTIVE TURNTABLES. 173 

laid flat in short lengths cut to radius for the inside face and held 
together with dog irons. 

Approximate estimate of 70-foot half-through turntable and pit 
(Fig. 88). Girders, 12 foot 7 inch centers, 8" X 16" ties, 5" X 10" 
guard 7 foot 6 inch centers ; diameter of pit, 71 feet 6 inches; 
height base of rail to circular seat, 2 feet 2 inches ; width, 3 feet 
9 inches from seat to pit floor; center pier, 5^ feet square and 
3 feet 5 inches from base of rail to pier seat; depth of masonry, 
5 feet below pit floor. 

Masonry Foundations. — 

998 cubic yards excavation at 50 cts, $ 499 . 00 

250 cubic yards concrete at $8.50 2125.00 

45 cubic yards broken stone or coarse gravel (pit floor) at $2 ... . 90.00 

1000 pounds iron at 6 cts 60 . 00 

21 tons of rail at $33 74. 25 

1 ton angle bars at $51 12 . 75 

9000 feet board measure timber floor per thousand at $35 315.00 

2600 feet board measure timber coping (hardwood) at $45 117.00 

60,000-pound steel turntable F. O. B. cars, at 5^ cts ." 3200.00 

60,000 pounds freight and erection at f ct 450 . 00 

1 grating 5 . 00 

80 lineal feet 6-inch vitrified tile pipe, laid, at 65 cts 52 . 00 

$7000.00 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 700 . 00 

Total $7700.00 

Wood pits may be constructed for temporary work. This 
consists of a grillage of 12" X 12" timbers for center pier and 
ordinary ties sawn in two placed 2-foot centers for circular wall, 
set in gravel or cinder bed, with 12" X 12" posts well braced 
and 3-inch plank retaining wall sufficient for one track approach. 

Approximate estimate of cost of 70-foot half-through turntable and 

pit. — Wood Foundations. — 

General dimension above pit floor same as previous estimate. 

284 cubic yards excavation at 50 cts $ 142 . 00 

50 ties at 40 cts 20.00 

2600 feet board measure (grillage) center pier per thousand at $35 91 . 00 

200 pounds iron at 5 cts 10.00 

2\ tons of rail at $33 74.25 

i ton angle bars at $51 12 . 75 

60,000-pound steel turntable, F. O. B. cars, at 5£ cts. 3200 . 00 

60,000 pounds freight and erection at £ ct 450 . 00 

9000 feet B. M. floor per M. at $35 315.00 

$4315.00 
Supervision and contingencies 400 . 00 

Total $4715.00 



174 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



CHAPTER VI. 
WATER STATIONS. 

General. — The ordinary railroad water station usually consists 
of an elevated tank for storage purposes, a pumping outfit or 
gravity main to supply the tank, and standpipes when necessary 
for convenient service. A locomotive consumes from 30 to 100 
gallons per mile, and carries from 2000 to 5000 gallons. Owing to 
mixed traffic, possible detentions and climatic conditions, however, 
it has been found necessary to place water stations 10 to 20 miles 
apart, usually at regular stopping points along the right of way. 

Purity. — As the water is to be used principally for locomotive 
purposes, a sample should be sent to the company's chemist to be 
analyzed to ascertain if it is suitable for the purpose. Conditions 
will sometimes make it necessary to treat the water chemically 
to render it soft for economical boiler service. 

The treatment may be lime only, when the hardness is due to 
carbonates of lime and magnesia, or soda ash when the hardness is 
due to sulphates of lime and magnesia. The method of applying 
these reagents to the water may require a special mechanical out- 
fit, or a mixer with valve, feed. etc.. connected with the water sup- 
ply, can be so arranged that every stroke of the water piston may 
take in a desired portion of the chemical previously made ready. 
To render the work efficient, it should be closely watched and super- 
vised by the company's chemist or his assistant. 

Supply. — When a municipal water service is established and 
the rates are favorable, there may be a saving in obtaining water 
by meter or other agreement. Under ordinary circumstances, how- 
ever, the permanent supply is usually obtained from artesian or 
driven wells, or from a natural lake, river, or stream, and the delivery 
may be by gravity or by pumping, local conditions determining 
the method employed. A gravity supply usually requires a dam and 
spill-way for storage purposes. When the location is convenient 
and a permanent and abundant supply can be obtained in a natural 
or artificial basin, a gravity supply is the most economical. For 
description and cost of dams, see page 203. 



WATER STATIONS. 175 

Tanks. — The amount of water storage required for locomotive 
purposes depends entirely on local conditions. Ordinarily a tank 
holding 40,000 to 50,000 gallons of water is about the average in 
use, although 60,000 and 100,000 gallon tanks are very common, 
and in some instances the storage tanks are as low as 6000 gallons. 
For description and cost of water tanks, see page 197. 

Standpipes. — Duplication of water service is obtained by the 
use of water columns or standpipes. For description and cost, see 
page 201. 

Pumps. — When practicable the pump is placed under the tank, 
or in a separate pump house when the source of supply renders it 
necessary. For description and cost of pump house, see page 196. 

The pump may be operated by air, motor, steam, gasoline, oil, 
gas, or electric motor, and in some instances by the hydraulic ram 
driven by the fall or force of running water. 

The most popular in common use is the duplex type of steam 
pump, with an independent vertical boiler to supply steam to 
operate the pump, or a steam pipe is run from the local boiler house 
when convenient and the pump boiler dispensed with. 

The gasoline direct-connected combined pumper is also favored 
to a large extent. 

When selecting or investigating a pump, the following informa- 
tion is necessary: 

(a) Maximum quantity of water to be pumped per minute. 

(b) Height to be lifted by suction. 

(c) Length and diameter of suction pipe and number of 

angles or turns. 

(d) Height to which water has to be forced, from pump to 

top of tank. 

(e) Length and diameter of delivery pipe and number of 

angles or turns. 

(f) Pressure of steam to be used. 

When the above information is known the following should be 
estimated: 

(a) Capacity (Table 43). 

{b and d) Lift (Table 44). 

(c and e) Pipe friction (Table 45). 

(/*) Power to be provided to raise the water, to overcome the 
friction of the water in pipes, and bends, and to over- 
come the friction in pump, and connections to the 
engine. 



176 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

The lift and pipe friction pressures equal the total pressure 
against which the. pump has to work, and the area of the water 
cylinder multiplied by this pressure equals the total resistance. 

The area of the power cylinder multiplied by the working 
pressure equals the total power pressure, and the ratio of power 
to resistance must be sufficient to move the piston at the required 
speed. For this, an excess of 33 to 50 per cent is usually allowed. 
When the capacity, lift, and friction heads are figured, the power 
necessary to drive the pump may be obtained from Table 46. 

As it is not necessary to deliver the water to the tank at high 
pressure, steam economy is obtained when the ratio of steam 
and water piston area is proportioned for the actual conditions, 
using, of course, the nearest commercial size pump. 

Approximate cost. — Pumps, boilers, etc., with approximate 
cost for the ordinary run of tank service, may be obtained from 
Table 39, with comparative estimates for steam, oil, and gaso- 
line outfits on page 179. 

Example. — A, equals 200 gallons per minute; B, 15 feet 
(pump set directly over well) ; C, suction pipe 5 inches diameter, 
15 feet deep in well, one elbow; D, 45 feet; E, 4 inches diameter, 
delivery pipe 5000 feet in length, two elbows; F, 80 pounds 
boiler pressure. 

Lift or actual head (B + D) = 15 + 45 equals 60 feet. 

Pipe friction (C) 5-inch pipe 15 feet long 

(Table 45) .42 X -^ equals .063 

1 5-inch elbow (Table 45a) equals .068 

(E) 4-inch pipe 5000 feet long + 60 

feet = 5060 feet = 1.22 X ^^ equals 61.732 

2 4-inch elbows = .172 X 2 equals .344 

Total pipe friction equals 62.207 

Equivalent height of water for friction 

pressure = 62.207 X 2.3 * equals 143 feet. 

Total head against which the pump has 

to work equals 203 feet. 

Referring to Table 39, under 205 feet head an 8"X5"X12" 
pump is given. 

* 2.3 = height of water for 1 pound per square inch pressure. 



WATER STATIONS. 177 

Power. — Horsepower necessary to raise water (Table 46) 

200 X 8 j X 203 
= 33000 = 10,3 norse P ower - 

Pump friction, back pressure, 
and steam losses say 40 per cent = 4.12 horsepower. 



Total, 14.42 horsepower. 

Engine Horsepower. Page 193. — Assuming that the engine 
is running 100 strokes per minute, and (F) 80 pounds boiler 
pressure, cutting off one-fourth stroke. 

„ 47.7 X 1 foot X 2 X 50.26 X 100 
Horsepower = 3^ = 14.5. 

Lift and pipe friction pressure = (203 feet) = 87.93 pounds. 

Area of water cylinder (5 inches) = 19.63. 

Total resistance = 19.63 X 87.93 = 1735 pounds. 

Area of steam cylinder (8 inches) = 50.26. 

Working pressure = 47.7 pounds. 

Total power pressure = 50.26 X 47.7 = 2397 pounds. 

Ratio of power to resistance = 1.4 to 1, or 40 per cent. 



178 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 39.- DUPLEX STEAM PUMPS AND BOILERS. DATA OF CAPACITY 
AND APPROXIMATE COST. ETC. 



"3 « 


Equivalent. 


Pump 


s. 


Pipes. 


o 

m • 
O w 

w a 

.a 

o a 

a 
a 


Boilers. 


O 

49 

BJi 

u 

a 

a 
< 


0:3 




T3 


m 
to 

0) 

«-e 

Ph 


a 

-^ 


u 

0> 


6 
o 

t-c 

CO 


a 

a 

3 
CO 


6 

u 

03 

X, 
u 
m 

3 


a 

cs 
02 


go 

3 

a 


Ph 


u 
0) 

a 

a 
Q 


<*3 

'3 


2-in. 
tubes. 


w O 

3 5 » 


Capacity 
Ions, 10 
per mil 


a 

3 


■3 

a 


03 o 

* aj* 

c b a 

aa.3 
< 




Ft. 


Lbs. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 


Ins. 






Ins. 


Ins. 




Ins. 






65 


185 


80 


6 


4 


6 


4 


3 


1 


14 


$100 


5 


24 


60 


31 


18 


$105 


$250 


102 


115 


50 


6 


5 


6 


4 


3 


1 


14 


120 


5 


24 


60 


31 


18 


105 


270 


119 


115 


50 


6 


5 


7 


5 


4 


1 


14 


135 


10 


30 


72 


54 


27 


150 


350 


119 


155 


68 


7 


5 


7 


5 


4 


1 


14 


150 


10 


30 


72 


54 


27 


150 


360 


136 


115 


50 


6 


5 


8 


5 


4 


1 


14 


160 


10 


30 


72 


54 


27 


150 


380 


136 


155 


68 


7 


5 


8 


5 


4 


1 


14 


170 


12 


30 


84 


54 


38 


160 


400 


170 


155 


68 


7 


5 


10 


5 


4 


1 


14 


240 


15 


36 


84 


68 


38 


190 


500 


171 


110 


47 


7 


6 


7 


5 


4 


1 


14 


200 


10 


30 


72 


54 


27 


150 


420 


171 


145 


63 


8 


6 


7 


5 


4 


2 


24 


230 


15 


36 


84 


68 


38 


190 


510 


204 


205 


89 


8 


5 


12 


5 


4 


2 


24 


260 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


600 


232 


80 


35 


7 


7 


7 


6 


5 


1* 


2 


200 


10 


30 


72 


54 


27 


150 


420 


244 


110 


47 


7 


6 


10 


5 


4 


14 


2 


260 


15 


36 


84 


68 


38 


190 


540 


244 


145 


62 


8 


6 


10 


5 


4 


2 


24 


270 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


600 


266 


105 


46 


8 


7 


8 


5 


4 


14 


2 


280 


15 


36 


84 


68 


38 


190 


570 


266 


165 


71.4 


10 


7 


8 


5 


4 


2 


24 


320 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


660 


283 


145 


62 


8 


6 


12 


5 


4 


2 


24 


290 


20 


42 


-96 


85 


48 


230 


630 


283 


225 


98 


10 


6 


12 


5 


4 


2 


24 


310 


40 


48 


114 


128 


57 


420 


880 


283 


325 


140 


12 


6 


12 


5 


4 


24 


3 


460 


50 


54 


114 


174 


57 


660 


1350 


c32 


80 


35 


7 


7 


10 


6 


5 


14 


2 


300 


15 


36 


84 


68 


38 


190 


600 


398 


105 


45 


8 


7 


12 


6 


5 


14 


2 


315 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


660 


398 


165 


71.4 


10 


7 


12 


6 


5 


2 


24 


370 


40 


48 


114 


128 


57 


420 


950 


398 


240 


103 


12 


7 


12 


6 


5 


24 


3 


460 


50 


54 


114 


174 


57 


660 


1350 


398 


325 


140 


14 


7 


12 


6 


5 


24 


3 


530 


70 


54 


Hor. 


40 


192 


770 


1560 


522 


80 


35 


8 


8 


12 


6 


5 


14 


2 


510 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


900 


522 


125 


54 


10 


8 


12 


6 


5 


2 


24 


530 


40 


48 


114 


128 


57 


420 


1140 


522 


182 


78.75 


12 


8 


12 


6 


5 


24 


3 


540 


50 


54 


114 


174 


57 


660 


1440 


522 


250 


108 


14 


8 


12 


6 


5 


24 


3 


590 


70 


54 


Hor. 


40 


192 


770 


1650 


522 


325 


140 


16 


8 


12 


6 


5 


24 


3 


690 


100 


66 


Hor. 


60 


192 


1050 


2100 


816 


50 


22 


8 


10 


12 


6 


5 


2 


24 


570 


20 


42 


96 


85 


48 


230 


960 


816 


115 


50 


12 


10 


12 


6 


5 


21 


3 


600 


50 


54 


114 


174 


57 


660 


1520 



COMBINED ENGINE AND PUMP. 



179 



Combined Engine and Pump. 

The combined engine and pump is a self-contained unit run 
principally by gasoline or oil. In many localities it will be more 
economical than the ordinary steam pump and boiler to operate, 
although higher in first cost. 

Their use is not as well known as the steam pump. The handling 
of oil or gasoline and repairs are matters that require special 
attention. They are gradually, however, coming into favor, and 
may eventually be as common as the steam pump. 







TABLE 40. — APPROXIMATE COST, ETC. 














Gallons 








Ap- 


Horse- 
power. 


Adjustable 
stroke, 
inches. 


Strokes 
per min- 
ute. 


Cylinder, 
inches. 


per min- 
ute pump 
displace- 
ment. 


Ft. head. 


Suc- 
tion. 


Dis- 
charge. 


prox- 
imate 
cost in 
place. 


5 


8, 9, 10 


91 


41-7 


51-137 


96-259 


3-4 


3-4 


$ 600 


8 


8, 9, 10 


97* 


5-7 


66*-146 


145-319 


4 


4 


9C0 


10 


8, 10, 12 


100 


7-8i 


133-295 


90-200 


6 


5 


1200 


15 


8, 10, 12 


105 


7-8* 


140-310 


127-281 


6 


5 


1600 


20 


8, 10, 12 


110 


7-8* 


147-324 


163-360 


6 


5 


2000 


25 


8, 10, 12 


109| 


8-10* 


215-494 


134-356 


7 


6 


2300 




Cost of Pumping Water. Comparison Estimates between 
Steam, Oil, and Gasoline. 

Conditions. — Pump to deliver 200 gallons per minute working 
10 hours per day and 300 days per year, against an equivalent 
head of 200 feet, or 10 theoretical horsepower. 

Steam Pump and Boiler. — 

One 8X 5X 12 pump and boiler complete, from Table 39 $540 . 00 

Connections and contingencies 60.00 

Total $600 . 00 

Cost of Operating. — 

Assuming 20 pounds of coal per horsepower hour=200 poundsX 

10 hours=l tonX 300=300 tons per year at $2.25 $675.00 

Attendance by station agent or portion of a regular pumpman's 

time at $10 per month 120 . 00 

Oil and waste 25.00 

Repairs and maintenance 50 . 00 

Total per year $870.00 



180 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

or $2.90 per day, or 29 cents per hour, or about 2\ cents per 1000 
gallons. If necessary to have a pumpman all the time, $300 more 
would have to be added for his wages, making the cost about 
3£ cents per 1000 gallons. 

Oil Combined Pumper. — 

8X 12 pump direct connected, from Table 40 $1200 . 00 

Connections and contingencies 120 . 00 

$1320.00 
Cost of Operating. — 

Coal oil 15 cents per gallon. 

Assuming 1$ cents' worth of coal oil per horsepower per hour, in- 
cluding waste and handling= 10X 1J= 15 cts.X 10=$1. 50X300. . $450.00 

Attendance by station agent or portion of a regular pumpman's 

time at $10 per month 120 . 00 

Lubricating oil and waste 30 . 00 

Repairs and maintenance 90 . 00 

Total $690 . 00 

or $2.30 per day, or 23 cents per hour, or 1.9 cents per 1000 gallons. 
If necessary to have a pumpman all the time, $300 more would 
have to be added for his wages, making the cost about 2f cents 
per 1000 gallons. 

Gasoline Combined Pumper. — 

8X 12 pump direct connected, from Table 40 $1200.00 

Connections and contingencies 120 . 00 

$1320.00 
Cost of Operating. — 

Gasoline 18 cents per gallon. 

Assuming y 1 ^ imperial gallon per horsepower hour=l gallon = 

18 cts.X 10=$1. 80X300 $540.00 

Attendance by station agent or portion of a regular pumpman's 

time at $10 per month 120 . 00 

Lubricating oil and waste 30 . 00 

Repairs and maintenance 90 . 00 

$780.00 

or $2.60 per day, or 26 cents per hour, or 2.2 cents, about, per 1000 
gallons. If necessary to have a pumpman all the time, $300 more 
would have to be added for his wages, making the cost about 
3 cents per 1000 gallons. 



COMBINED ENGINE AND PUMP. 181 

It will be noted from the foregoing that the approximate cost of 
pumping water is as follows: 

Oil engine 1.9 to 2.75 cents per 1000 gallons. 

Gasoline engine 2.2 to 3.00 cents per 1000 gallons. 

Steam pump and boiler. ... 2.5 to 3.25 cents per 1000 gallons. 

There are many elements that enter into the cost of pumping 
water that may bring the figures up to double the amounts given. 
The sizes of suction and discharge pipes are quite as important as 
the pumps, and if these are figured too small, poor results will be 
obtained at an additional cost. 

The question of using oil, gasoline, or steam depends a good deal 
on the location and existing conditions and the means at hand for 
having them looked after in case of repairs. Fuel supply, including 
depreciation and first cost, have also to be considered. 



182 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Boilers. 

The general run of boilers to supply steam to the pump range 
from 5 to 100 horsepower, and the plain vertical tube boilers are 
chiefly used. 

The boiler pressure must be somewhat in excess of the steam 
pressure at the pump, to allow for loss of steam pressure between 
the boiler and pump. 

The boiler horsepower is usually reckoned on the A. S. M. E. basis 
of 30 pounds of water evaporated or consumed per indicated horse- 
power and from 12 to 15 square feet of heating surface in the 
boiler are usually reckoned for the generation of one horsepower 
per hour. 

Each nominal horsepower of boilers requires about 10 gallons of 
feed water per hour (30 to 35 pounds). 

Good boilers will evaporate from 5 to 10 pounds of water per 
pound of coal. 

One square foot of grate surface natural draft will consume 10 to 
15 pounds hard coal or 20 to 25 pounds soft coal per hour, or an 
average consumption of 10 pounds of coal per cubic foot of water 
evaporated (12 pounds per hour for each square foot of grate 
surface). 

The boiler should be set up on a good solid foundation, with 
smoke flue protected at roof or outlet to avoid danger from fire. 

The cost of the general run of vertical boilers is given in 
Table 39. 



SERVICE CONNECTIONS. 183 

Service Connections. 

The discharge pipe should enter the water tank at the bottom, 
as it reduces the head and takes less power than feeding it from the 
top. 

Provide a check valve in delivery pipe and a waste cock in the 
discharge chamber, so that air may be expelled, a stop valve for 
shutting off the back pressure, so that the pump can be opened for 
inspection. 

Set up the pump on solid foundation of concrete; wood is liable 
to rot and cause leaky joints. To obviate jar or vibration, use 
expansion bolts to anchor the pump. 

Arrange the steam pipe feed so that the water of condensation 
will drip away from the pump when not in use, and insert drip 
cock. 

An air chamber on the suction pipe will make the pump work 
smoother at moderate speed, and is advisable, as it prevents pound- 
ing or water hammer; in high lifts it is a necessity. 

Unless the suction lift and length of supply pipe are moderate, 
a foot valve and strainer are also advised for all pumps raising water 
by suction. 

The foot valve is placed at the bottom of the suction pipe and 
holds the priming. 

The suction pipe must be entirely free from all leakage. 

Lay suction pipes with a uniform grade from the pump to the 
source of supply, and avoid air pockets. All pipes should be as 
direct as possible; use full round bends for elbows and Y's for 
tees. 

Service Pipe. — Steel riveted, cast-iron, plain wrought-iron, and 
galvanized iron pipe are used extensively; cast iron is the most 
durable and reliable for underground service, and above ground 
plain wrought-iron pipe proves quite satisfactory; for weight of 
pipes, etc., see Tables 41 and 42. 

The depth to which pipe should be placed in the ground should 
be sufficient to avoid injury from frost, usually 4 to 5 feet. A water 
main laid in a rock-cut trench is less liable to freeze up if covered 
with broken stones. 



184 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Pipes. 

Cast Iron. — All cast-iron pipes and fittings must be uncoated, 
sound, cylindrical and smooth, free from cracks, sand holes, and 
other defects, and of a uniform thickness and of a grade known in 
commerce as " extra heavy," cast in lengths to lay twelve feet, 
with bell and spigot joints, and to withstand a static pressure of 
not less than 130 pounds per square inch. 



TABLE 41. —APPROXIMATE COST AND WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON WATER 

PIPE. 



Diameter 


Thick- 


pipe. 


ness. 


Ins. 


In. 


2 


1 


3 


7 


4 


i 


5 


i 


6 


& 


7 


& 


8 


f 


10 


f 


12 


ii 

16 



Weight per 
lineal foot. 



Lbs. 
8 

15 

19 
26 
32 
40 
47 
63 
82 



Feet per 
ton. 



Number 

of lengths 

per ton. 



250 
133 
105 

77 

62.5 

50 

44.5 

31.9 

24.4 



Approxi- 
mate cost 
per foot at 
$35 per 
ton. 



21 

11.1 
8.8 
6.4 
5.2 
4.2 
3.7 
2.8 
2.0 



$0.14 
.26 
.33 
.45^ 
.56 
.70 
.82i 
1.10 
1.43 



Approxi- 
mate cost 
per foot at 
§40 per 
ton. 



$0.16 
.30 
.38 
.52 
.64 
.80 
.94 
1.26 
1.64 



Actual 
Cost. 



Joints. — All joints must be made with picked oakum and molten 
lead and made water-tight. For estimating, take H pounds of 
soft pig lead for each joint for each inch in the diameter of the 
pipe, and 1 ounce of oakum for each joint for each inch in the diam- 
eter of the pipe. 

Fittings. — Ordinary cast or malleable iron water fittings. 

Wrought=Iron and Steel Pipes. — All wrought-iron and steel 
pipes must be equal in quality to " standard." 

The pipes shall be not less than the following average thickness 
and weight per lineal foot; supplied in random lengths with threads 
and couplings. 



PIPES. 



185 



TABLE 42. — APPROXIMATE COST AND WEIGHT OF WROUGHT-IRON PIPES. 



Inside size 
of pipe. 


Thickness. 


Normal 
weight per 
lineal foot. 


Approx. cost 
per 100 feet. 


Approx. cost 
per lin. foot. 


Actual cost 
per lin. foot. 


Ins. 
1 


In. 
.13 

.14 

.15 

.20 

.21 
.22 
.23 
.24 

.25 

.28 
.30 
.32 

.34 
.36 
.37 
.37 


Lbs. 
1.67 

2.68 

3.61 

5.74 

7.54 

9.00 

10.66 

12.49 

14.50 
18.76 
23.27 
28.18 

33.70 
40.00 
45.00 
49.00 


Dols. 
6.00 

9.00 

13.00 

23.00 

30.00 
45.00 
54.00 
63.00 

72.00 

93.00 

116.00 

141.00 

168.00 
200 . 00 
225.00 
245.00 


Dols. 
.06 

.09 

.13 

.23 

.30 
.45 
.54 
.63 

.72 

.93 

1.16 

1.41 

1.68 
2.00 
2.25 
2.45 


Dols. 


H 




2 




2£ 




3 




3* 




4 




4i 

5 






6 




7 




8 




9 


m 


10 




11 




12 









Joints. — All joints to be screwed joints made up with red lead. 
Fittings. — Ordinary cast or malleable iron water fittings. 



186 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Formulas. 

Capacity. — The capacity of a pump depends upon the 
speed at which it can be run, and the speed depends largely on 
the arrangement of valves and passageways for water and steam; 
ordinarily it is reckoned by the gallons per minute the pump 
plunger can deliver at the average speed of piston travel. 

For short-stroke pumps, generally used in railroad water tank 
service, the piston travel may be rated at 100 strokes per minute. 

~ ., i • ' 11 stroke X area 
Capacity per stroke m gallons = — 

40 J. 

231 = cubic inches in a gallon of water. 



TABLE 43. — CAPACITY OF PUMPS PER STROKE IN GALLONS (ONE 

PLUNGER). 



Diam- 
eter. 


Area 
water 
cylin- 
der. 


Length of stroke in inches. 


cylin- 
der. 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


14 


16 


In. 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
14 
15 
16 


Sq. in. 

12.56 
19.63 

28.27 
38.48 
50.26 

63.61 
78.54 
95.03 
113.09 
153.93 
176.71 
201.06 


.272 
.425 
.612 
.833 
1.088 

1.377 

1.7 

2.057 

2.448 

3.331 

3.824 

4.35 


.326 
.51 
.734 
.999 
1.305 

1.652 

2.04 

2.464 

2.937 

3.997 

4.589 

5.22 


.381 

.595 

.877 

1.166 

1.523 

1.928 

2.38 

2.879 

3.422 


.435 

.68 

.979 

1.332 

1.740 

2.203 

2.72 

3.291 

3.916 

5.33 

6.119 

6.96 


.489 

.765 

1.101 

1.499 

1.958 

2.478 

3.06 

3.725 

4.406 

5.996 

6.884 

7.83 


.544 

.85 

1.224 

1.666 

2.176 

2.754 

3.4 

4.113 

4.896 

6.663 

7.649 

8.703 


.652 
1.02 
1.468 
1.999 
2.611 

3.304 

4.08 
4.936 
5.875 
7.994 
9.178 
10.44 


.761 
1.19 
1.713 
2.332 
3.046 

3.855 
4.76 
5.759 
6.854 
9.328 
10.70 
12.18 


.870 
1.36 
1.958 
2.665 
3.481 

4.406 
5.44 
6.582 
7.833 
10.66 
12.23 
13.92 



Gallons delivered in one minute equal capacity per stroke multiplied by strokes per 
minute. For duplex piston or plunger, multiply by 2. For triplex piston or plunger, 
multiply by 3. 



Example. — What quantity of water is delivered per minute 
with a duplex pump 5-inch water and 7-inch stroke, piston speed 
100 strokes per minute ? Arts. .595 X 2 X 100 = 119 gallons per 
minute. 



FORMULAS. 187 

Speed. — A piston travel of 100 feet per minute is the basis 
generally used for rating the capacity of a pump. If short-stroke 
pumps, however, are run at this speed they would not be durable 
for every-day service, and 100 strokes rather than 100 feet is a 
more reasonable service. 

At a piston speed of 100 feet per minute the pump would have 
to make the following strokes: 

Three-inch stroke pump, 400 strokes per minute. 
Four-inch stroke pump, 300 strokes per minute. 
Five-inch stroke pump, 240 strokes per minute. 
Six-inch stroke pump, 200 strokes per minute. 
Seven-inch stroke pump, 171+ strokes per minute. 
Eight-inch stroke pump, 150 strokes per minute. 
Nine-inch stroke pump, 133+ strokes per minute. 
Ten-inch stroke pump, 120 strokes per minute. 
Eleven-inch stroke pump, 109 + strokes per minute. 
Twelve-inch stroke pump, 100 strokes per minute. 

Lift. — The head of water against which the pump has to work, 
or the pressure due to the height to which the water has to be 
forced, is usually termed the lift, and expressed in pounds per 
square inch = height of water column X .434. 

.434 = pound pressure per square inch exerted by a column of 
water one foot high. 



188 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 44. — FEET HEAD AND EQUIVALENT PRESSURE IN POUNDS PER 

SQUARE INCH. 



Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


head. 


press, in 
pounds. 


head. 


press, in 
pounds. 


head. 


press, in 
pounds. 


head. 


press, in 
pounds. 


1 


0.48 


43 


18.62 


85 


36.82 


127 


55.01 


2 


0.86 


44 


19.05 


86 


37.25 


128 


55.44 


3 


1.30 


45 


19.49 


87 


37.68 


129 


55.88 


4 


1.73 


46 


19.92 


88 


38.12 


130 


56.31 


5 


2.16 


47 


20.35 


89 


38.55 


131 


56.74 


6 


2.59 


48 


20.79 


90 


38.98 


132 


57.18 


7 


3.03 


49 


21.22 


91 


39.42 


133 


57.61 


8 


3.46 


50 


21.65 


92 


39.85 


134 


58.04 


9 


3.89 


51 


22.09 


93 


40.28 


135 


58.48 


10 


4.33 


52 


22.52 


94 


40.72 


136 


58.91 


11 


4.76 


53 


22.95 


95 


41.15 


137 


59.34 


12 


5.20 


54 


23.39 


96 


41.58 


138 


59.77 


13 


5.63 


55 


23.82 


97 


42.01 


139 


60.21 


14 


6.06 


56 


24.26 


98 


42.45 


140 


60.64 


15 


6.49 


57 


24.69 


99 


42.88 


141 


61.07 


16 


6.93 


58 


25.12 


100 


43.31 


142 


61.51 


17 


7.36 


59 


25.55 


101 


43.75 


143 


61.94 


18 


7.79 


60 


25.99 


102 


44.18 


144 


62.37 


19 


8.22 


61 


26.42 


103 


44.61 


145 


62.81 


20 


8.66 


62 


26.85 


104 


45.05 


146 


63.24 


21 


9.09 


63 


27.29 


105 


45.48 


147 


63.67 


22 


9.53 


64 


27.72 


106 


45.91 


148 


64.10 


23 


9.96 


65 


28.15 


107 


46.34 


149 


64.54 


24 


10.39 


66 


28.58 


108 


46.78 


150 


64.97 


25 


10.82 


67 


29.02 


109 


47.21 


151 


65.40 


26 


11.26 


68 


29.45 


110 


47.64 


152 


65.84 


27 


11.69 


69 


29.88 


111 


48.08 


153 


66.27 


28 


12.12 


70 


30.32 


112 


48.51 


154 


66.70 


29 


12.55 


71 


30.75 


113 


48.94 


155 


67.14 


30 


12.99 


72 


31.18 


114 


49.38 


156 


67.57 


31 


13.42 


73 


31.62 


115 


49.81 


157 


68.00 


32 


13.86 


74 


32.05 


116 


50.24 


158 


68.43 


33 


14.29 


75 


32.48 


117 


50.68 


159 


68.87 


34 


14.72 


76 


32.92 


118 


51.11 


160 


69.31 


35 


15.16 


77 


33.35 


119 


51.54 


161 


69.74 


36 


15.59 


78 


33.78 


120 


51.98 


162 


70.17 


37 


16.02 


79 


34.21 


121 


52.41 


163 


70.61 


38 


16.45 


80 


34.65 


122 


52.84 


164 


71.04 


39 


16.89 


81 


35.08 


123 


53.28 


165 


71.47 


40 


17.32 


82 


35.52 


124 


53.71 


166 


71.91 


41 


17.75 


83 


35.95 


125 


54.15 


167 


72.34 


42 


18.19 


84 


36.39 


126 


54.58 


168 


72.77 



LIFT. 



189 



TABLE 44 (Continued). — FEET HEAD AND EQUIVALENT PRESSURE IN 
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH. 



Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


Ft. 


Equiv. 


head . 


press, in. 


head. 


press, in 


head. 


press, in 


head. 


press, in 




pounds. 




pounds. 




pounds. 




pounds. 


169 


73.20 


206 


89.23 


243 


105.26 


280 


121.29 


170 


73.64 


207 


89.68 


244 


105.69 


281 


121.73 


171 


74.07 


208 


90.10 


245 


106.13 


282 


122.15 


172 


74.50 


209 


90.53 


246 


106.56 


283 


122.59 


173 


74.94 


210 


90.96 


247 


106.99 


284 


123.02 


174 


75.37 


211 


91.39 


248 


107.43 


285 


123.45 


175 


75.80 


212 


91.83 


249 


107.86 


286 


123.89 


176 


76.23 


213 


92.26 


250 


108.29 


287 


124.32 


177 


76.67 


214 


92.69 


251 


108.73 


288 


124.75 


178 


77.10 


215 


93.13 


252 


109.16 


289 


125.18 


179 


77.53 


216 


93.56 


253 


109.59 


290 


125.62 


180 


77.97 


217 


93.99 


254 


110.03 


291 


126.05 


181 


78.40 


218 


94.43 


255 


110.46 


292 


126.48 


182 


78.84 


219 


94.86 


256 


110.89 


293 


126.92 


183 


79.27 


220 


95.30 


257 


111.32 


294 


127.35 


184 


79.70 


221 


95.73 


258 


111.76 


295 


127.78 


185 


80.14 


222 


96.16 


259 


112.19 


296 


128.22 


186 


80.57 


223 


96.60 


260 


112.62 


297 


128.65 


187 


81.00 


224 


97.03 


261 


113.06 


298 


129.08 


188 


81.43 


225 


97.46 


262 


113.49 


299 


129.51 


189 


81.87 


226 


97.90 


263 


113.92 


300 


129.95 


190 


82.30 


227 


98.33 


264 


114.36 


310 


134.23 


191 


82.73 


228 


98.76 


265 


114.79 


320 


138.62 


192 


83.17 


229 


99.20 


266 


115.22 


330 


142.95 


193 


83.60 


230 


99.63 


267 


115.66 


340 


147.28 


194 


84.03 


231 


100.00 


268 


116.09 


350 


151.61 


195 


84.47 


232 


100.49 


269 


116.52 


360 


155.94 


196 


84.90 


233 


100.93 


270 


116.96 


370 


160.27 


197 


85.33 


234 


101.36 


271 


117.39 


380 


164.61 


198 


85.76 


235 


101.79 


272 


117.82 


390 


168.94 


199 


86.20 


236 


102.23 


273 


118.26 


400 


173.27 


200 


86.63 


237 


102.66 


274 


118.69 


500 


216.58 


201 


87.07 


238 


103.09 


275 


119.12 


600 


259.90 


202 


87.50 


239 


103.53 


276 


119.56 


700 


303.22 


203 


87.93 


240 


103.96 


277 


119.99 


800 


346.54 


204 


88.36 


241 


104.39 


278 


120.42 


900 


389.86 


205 


88.80 


242 


104.83 


279 


120.85 


1000 


435.18 



190 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



TABLE 4x — FRICTION OF WATER IN PIPES. 
Pressure in pounds per square inch to be added for each 100 feet of clean iron pipe. 



C"0 

'3 u 

<- > 


Pipe sizes. 


03 


4 


1 


H 


U 


2 


2* 


3 


3£ 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


5 


3.3 
13.0 

28.7 
50.4 
78.0 


.84 
3.16 
6.98 
12.3 
19.0 

27.5 
37.0 
48.0 


.31 
1.05 
2.38 
4.07 
6.40 

9.15 
12.4 
16.1 
20.2 
24.9 

36.0 
48.0 
56.1 
64.0 
80.0 


.12 

.47 

.97 

1.66 

2.62 

3.75 
5.05 
6.52 
8.15 
10.0 

14.0 
20.0 
22.4 
25.0 
32.0 

39.0 


.04 
.12 

.25 
.42 
.62 

.91 
1.22 
1.60 
1.99 
2.44 

3.50 

4.80 
5.32 
6.30 
7.80 

9.46 
14.9 
21.2 
28.1 
37.5 


.02 
.04 
.08 
.14 
.21 

.30 
.40 
.53 
.66 
.81 

1.17 
1.50 
1.80 
2.00 
2.58 

3.20 

4.89 

7.00 

9.46 

12.47 

19.66 
28.06 






















10 


.02 
.04 
.06 
.10 

.13 
.17 

.23 

.28 
.35 

.50 
.60 
.74 
.90 
1.10 

1.31 
1.99 
2.85 
3.85 
5.02 

7.76 
11.2 
15.2 
19.5 
25.0 

30.8 




















15 


.02 
.03 
.04 

.06 
.09 
.11 
.14 
.17 

.24 
.38 


















30 


















Mi 


.02 

.03 
.05 
.06 
.07 
.09 

.13 
.19 
















30 
















35 


.02 
.02 
.03 
.04 

.05 
.07 














40 














45 






- 








50 


















fin 






.02 
.03 












70 
















75 
















80 






.41 
.54 

.64 

.96 

1.35 

1.82 

2.38 

3.70 
5.04 
7.10 
9.25 
11.70 

14.5 


.23 

.26 

.33 
.49 
.69 
.93 
1.22 

1.89 
2.66 
3.65 
4.73 
6.01 

7.43 


.08 
.09 

.12 
.17 
.25 
.34 
.42 

.65 

.93 

1.26 

1.61 

2.00 

2.40 


.03 
.04 

.05 
.07 
.10 
.13 
.17 

.26 
.37 
.50 
.65 

.81 

.96 
2.21 
3.88 
6.00 
8.60 












90 
















100 






.02 
.03 
.04 
.05 
.07 

.12 
.17 
23 
.30 
.37 

.45 
1.03 
1.80 

2.85 
4.08 










Iflfi 
















150 


















175 


















?00 


















250 










.07 
.09 
.12 
.16 
.20 

.25 

.53 

.94 

1.46 

2.09 


.04 

.05 
.07 
.09 
.11 

.14 
.30 
.53 
.82 
1.17 


.03 
.04 
.05 
.06 
.07 

.09 
.18 
.32 
.49 
.70 


.01 


300 














350 












.02 


400 
















4,50 














.03 


500 














.04 


750 














.08 


1000 




















' 


.13 


1^50 






















.20 


1500 






















.29 























Table is based on Ellis' and Howland's experiments. To find " friction head " in feet multiply 

figures by 2.3. 



THEORETICAL HORSEPOWER. 



191 



TABLE 45a. - FRICTION OF WATER IN ELBOWS. 
Pressure in pounds per square inch to be added for each elbow. 



II 

*- > 


Pipe sizes. 


03 w 

OS 


I 


1 


li 


li 


2 


2* 


3 


3i 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


5 
10 


.07 

.28 

.63 

1.12 

1.74 


.027 
.094 
.212 
.376 
.585 
.845 
1.15 
1.50 
1.90 


.008 
.031 
.069 
.123 
.194 
.278 
.380 
.495 
.626 
.77 
1.11 
1.52 
1.74 
1.98 
2.50 
3.08 


.005 
.018 
.04 
.069 
.108 
.157 
.215 
.278 
.352 
.43 
.62 
.86 
.98 
1.11 
1.41 
1.72 
2.72 
3.92 
5.32 
6.88 


.002 
.006 
.014 
- .025 
.038 
.055 
.076 
.098 
.125 
.153 
.22 
.304 
.35 
.392 
.50 
.612 
.97 
1.39 
1.90 
2.44 
3.86 
5.56 
























.003 
.005 
.012 
.02 
.028 
.037 
.049 
.062 
.08 
.112 
.148 
.172 
.196 
.248 
.32 
.48 
.685 
.935 
1.28 
1.91 
2.74 
3.77 
5.12 
6.20 
7.64 






















15 






















20 


.005 
.008 
.011 
.015 
.02 
.026 
.032 
.044 
.06 
.072 
.08 
.104 
.128 
.20 
.286 
.390 
.512 
.80 
1.14 
1.58 
2.05 
2.58 
3.20 




















25 




















30 




















35 


.009 
.011 
.015 
.017 

.026 
.035 
.04 
.044 
.06 
.068 
.112 
.16 
.218 
.272 
.446 
.64 
.8'8 
1.09 
1.45 
1.78 


















-10 


.007 
.009 
.01 
.015 
.021 
.024 
.027 
.035 
.043 
.067 
.096 
.132 
.172 
.268 
.384 
.530 
.688 
.870 
1.07 
2.42 
4.28 
6.70 
9.68 
















45 
















50 
















60 




3.38 
4.60 
5.30 
6.00 
7.60 


.006 
.009 
.01 
.012 
.014 
.017 
.027 
.039 
.053 
.068 
.109 
.156 
.215 
.272 
.352 
.436 
.970 
1.74 
2.71 
3.88 


.003 
.004 
.005 
.005 
.007 
.008 
.013 
.019 
.026 
.032 
.052 
.076 
.103 
.128 
.170 
.208 
.470 
.832 

1.31 

1.88 












70 


.002 
.003 
.003 
.004 
.005 
.007 
.01 
.014 
02 
.029 
.042 
.057 
.08 
.094 
.116 
.260 
.464 
.728 
.84 










75 










80 










qo 










100 


.003 
.004 
.006 
.009 
.011 
.017 
.025 
.034 
.044 
.057 
.068 
.156 
.272 
.435 
.624 


.002 
.003 
.004 
.005 
.007 
Oil 
.016 
.022 
.028 
.036 
.044 
.10 
.176 
.276 
.40 






1?5 






.002 

.003 

.004 

.005 

.007 

.01 

.014 

.018 

.023 

.028 

.063 

.112 

.175 

.252 




150 








001 


175 








009 


900 








00? 


950 


. 






004 


300 










005 


350 










007 


400 












009 


450 












011 


500 












016 


750 












031 


1000 


















064 


1950 


















086 


1500 


















1 9 4 












1 











Table is based on Weisbach's formula for very short bends, or with a radius equal to the 
radius of the pipe. To find " friction head " in feet multiply figures by 2.3. 



Theoretical Horsepower. 

Theoretical horsepower necessary to raise water any height 

_ gallons per minute X 8.33 X height in feet 
~ 33000 

= horsepower per minute. 

8.33 = weight of a gallon of water. 
33000 = number of foot-pounds per minute in one horsepower. 



192 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



H 

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ENGINE HORSEPOWER. 



193 



Horsepower 



Engine Horsepower, 

P X L X A X N 



33000 



P = average effective pressure in pounds per square inch. 

L = twice the length of piston stroke in feet. 

A = area of piston in square inches. 

N = the number of revolutions of the crank shaft per minute. 



TABLE 47. —AVERAGE STEAM PRESSURE ON PISTON, IN POUNDS 

SQUARE INCH. 



PER 



Aver, press, throughout 
the piston stroke. 
(Initial press. = 1.) 


.966 


.937 


.919 


.846 


.743 


.699 


.596 


.385 


Grade of expansion of 
steam . 


1* 


H 


if 


2 


z 3 


3 


4 


8 


Steam cut-off. 


3. 

1 


2 
3 


5 

8 


i 

2 


3 

8 


i 

3 


i 
i 


i 

8 


Initial steam press., lbs- 

per sq. in. 
25 


24.1 

28.9 
33.7 
38.6 
43.4 

48.2 
53.0 
57.8 
62.8 

67.5 
72.3 
77.1 
81.9 

86.7 

91.5 

96.4 

101.2 

106.0 
110.8 
115.6 
120.5 


23.4 

28.1 
32.8 
37.4 
42.1 

46.8 
51.3 
56.0 
60.7 

65.3 
70.0 
75.7 
80.3 

84.0 
88.7 
93.3 
98.0 

101.7 
106.3 
112.0 
115.7 


22.9 
27.5 
32.1 
36.7 
41.2 

45.9 
50.5 
55.1 
59.7 

64.3 
68.9 
73.5 
78.1 

82.7 
87.3 
91.9 
96.5 

101.0 
105.6 
110.2 
114.8 


21.1 
25.3 
29.6 
33.8 
38.0 

42.3 
46.6 
50.8 
55.0 

59.2 
63.5 
67.7 
72.0 

76.2 
80.4 
84.5 
88.9 

93.1 

97.4 
101.6 
105.8 


18.5 
22.2 
25.9 
28.9 
32.6 

37.1 
40.8 
44.5 
48.2 

52.4 
56.1 
59.3 
63.0 

66.8 
70.4 
74.2 
77.9 

81.6 

85.2 

89.0 

102.8 


17.4 
20.9 
24.4 
27.9 
31.4 

35.0 
38.4 
41.9 
45.4 

48.9 
52.4 
53.9 
59.4 

62.9 
66.4 
69.9 
73.4 

76.9 
80.4 
83.9 
87.4 


19.9 

17.8 
20.8 
23.8 
26.8 

29.8 
32.8 
35.8 
38.8 

41.6 

44.7 
47.7 
50.7 

53.7 
56.7 
59.6 
62.6 

66.6 
69.6 
71.6 
74.6 


9.6 


30 


11.5 


35 


13.4 


40 


15.3 


45 


17.3 


50 


19.2 


55 


21.2 


60 


23.1 


65 


24.9 


70 


26.7 


75 


28.6 


80 

85 


30.8 
32.7 


90. 


34.6 


95 


36.6 


100 

105 


38.5 
40.4 


110 


42.3 


115 


44.2 


120 


46.2 


125 


48.1 



194 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Example. — What horsepower will a steam engine 8-inch 
bore and 12-inch stroke develop at 100 revolutions of the crank 
shaft per minute, cutting off one-third stroke and having an 
initial pressure 100 pounds? 

P, 100 pounds initial pressure one-third stroke, from 
table = 69.9. less say 14.9 for back pressure, = 55 pounds; 
L, twice stroke. = 12" X 2 =2 feet: A. area S-inch piston, = 50.26; 
A*, 100; hence horsepower of engine 

_ 55 X 2 X 50.2 6 X 100 

" 33000 " lb - 8 * 



General Water Information. 

TABLE 48. — EQUIVALENTS OF WATER BY WEIGHT AND MEASURE. 
Water. 



U. S. gallon 

Imperial gallon. 

Cubic foot 

Cubic inch 

One pound 



U. S. gal- 
lons. 


Imperial 
gallons. 


Cubic feet. 


Cubic inches. 


Pounds. 


1.00 


.833 


.133 


231 


8.33 


1.2 


1.00 


.16 


277 274 


10.00 


7.48 


6.23 


1.00 


172S 


62.35 


.0043 


.0036 


.00058 


1.00 


.036 


.12 


.10 


.16 


27.72 


1.00 



A miner's inch of water is approximately equal to a supply of 
12 U. S. gallons per minute. 

Area of Pipe. — To find the area of a required pipe, the 
volume and velocity being given, multiply the number of cubic 
feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in 
feet per minute. 

Velocity. — To find the velocity in feet per minute to dis- 
charge a stated number of gallons per minute divide the amount 
of discharge in gallons per minute by the number of gallons in 
one lineal foot, or the number of gallons per minute by 144, and 
divide by the area of pipe in inches. 



GENERAL WATER INFORMATION. 



195 



TABLE 48a. — NUMBER OF U. S. GALLONS IN ONE LINEAL FOOT OF PIPE. 



Inside diameter of pipe. 


1 in. 


2 in. 


2% in. 


3 in. 


4 in. 


Cubic foot 


.0055 
.0408 

.785 


.0218 
.1632 
3.14 


.0341 
.2550 
4.9 


.0491 
.3673 
7.06 


.0873 


Gallons per lineal foot 

Area, square inches 


.6528 
12.56 



Cubic foot 

Gallons per lineal foot 
Area, square inches ... 



6 in. 


8 in. 


9 in. 


10 in. 


.1963 
1.469 

28.27 


.3490 
2.611 
50.26 


.4418 
3.305 
63.61 


.5455 
4.081 

78.54 



12 in. 



.7854 
5.875 
113.09 




Depth of Suction. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere is 
estimated at 14.7 pounds per square inch. With a perfect 
vacuum at sea level it will therefore sustain a column of mercury 
29.9 inches, or a column of water 33.9 feet high. This is the theo- 
retical height that a perfect pump would draw water. Owing to 
air in the water, valve leakage, etc., the actual height in practice 
seldom exceeds 20 feet, and the velocity through the suction 
pipe should not exceed 200 feet per minute, as the resistance of 
suction will be too great. To obviate this tendency the suction 
pipe is usually one or two sizes larger than the delivery or dis- 
charge pipe. 



196 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Pump House. 

When the source of water supply renders it necessary a small 
frame building is erected to house in the pump and boiler, simi- 
lar to Fig. 89. 

Approximate cost complete. — 

Cedar sill foundation $500 to $700 

Masonrv foundation 650 to 850 




D □ 






Corrugated Iron 



: I 




Fig. 89. Pump House. 

Construction. — Lumber, spruce, hemlock or pine; mouldings, 
doors, windows, frames, etc., stock patterns. 

Boiler house 16'Xl6', coal shed 16 , X20'; cedar sill or masonry 
foundation; frames 2' / X4 // studs at 2-foot centers; wall plates 
and runners 4"X4"; rafters and ties 2"X6" at 2-foot centers; frame 
covered with J-inch rough boards finished with drop siding or 
clapboards with building paper between; roof covered with 
J-inch rough boards and corrugated iron. 

Boiler room floor, 9 inches cinders well rammed; coal shed floor, 
2-inch plank on 3-inch cedar sleepers about 4-foot centers; studs 
to be braced to cross ties with 2"X4" braces, and the inside lined 
with 2-inch plank 5 feet 6 inches high. 

When a gasoline or oil pump is used the coal shed can be dis- 
pensed with and the cost reduced about 40 per cent. 



TANKS. 197 



Tanks. 



At way stations the water tank is usually placed on the right of 
way convenient to the track so that locomotives can take water 
direct; in yards the tank is placed about the center of distribution 
when possible, arranged so that it will not interfere with future 
extensions. In large yards duplicate tanks are provided, and they 
are sometimes raised high enough to provide sufficient pressure for 
fire purposes. Convenient water service is obtained by the use of 
standpipes fed from the tank. 

Construction. — A diagram of the ordinary tank structure is 
shown on Fig. 90a, and consists of stone or concrete foundations, 
wood, steel or cast-iron posts, and wood or steel tank with frost- 
proof roof; the floor of the tank is generally 3-inch plank on wood 
or steel joists, or reinforced concrete. Frost boxing around the 
supply pipe is required to protect it from freezing, and when climate 
conditions are severe the inner or outer posts are boarded in, or the 
structure is enclosed by a separate house as per Fig. 90c. The 
space enclosed is sometimes used as a pump and boiler room when 
convenient. 

Tank. — The common wood tank is made of pine, cypress, fir, 
cedar, or other suitable timber; the staves and bottom are machine 
shaped, so as to fit tight when erected, and are assembled with 
dowel pins; the tank walls are held by iron bands on the outside, 
fastened with lugs and bolts, arranged so that they can be tight- 
ened up when necessary. The steel tank is made of boiler plates 
riveted together and calked. 

The sizes vary in capacity from 10,000 to 100,000 gallons or 
more; the general standard is from 40,000 to 50,000 gallons. 

Fixtures. — The fixtures consist of a tank valve and outlet pipe 
with elbow, to which is attached a sway pipe with holdfasts, 
pull chain, hangers, counterweights, sheaves, eyebolts, guide pipes, 
valve rod, indicator, pulley, chains, sheaves, and float. 



198 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 




Kg. 90a. 



Fig 




Wig. 90c 

Water Tacks. 



TANKS. 



199 



TABLE 49. — APPROXIMATE COST OF WATER TANKS COMPLETE; 
TOWERS 20 FEET HIGH FROM RAIL TO TANK FLOOR. 



FOR 



Approximate 


Height 


Diameter 


capacity in 


tank 




gallons. 


staves. 






Ft. 


Ft. 


10,000 


10 


14* 


20,000 


12 


18 


30,000 


14 


21 


40,000 


16 


22 


50,000 


16 


25 


60,000 


16 


27 



Enclosed 

tanks, wood. 

Fig. 90c. 



51800-2100 
2300-2800 
3300-3800 
4300-4800 



Semi-enclosed, 
wood. 
Fig. 90a. 



$1000-1200 
1200-1500 
1500-1800 
1800-2200 
2600-3000 
3500-3800 



Semi-enclosed, 
masonry. 
Fig. 90b. 



$1500-1700 
2200-2600 
3000-3500 
3800-4300 



Note. — In the above cost no allowance is made for supply pipes, waste and drainage; 
these generally are included in the estimate of water supply. 



For cost of pump, boilers, etc., see page 178. 
A brief description of a 40,000-gallon enclosed water tank 
(Fig. 90c) is as follows: — 

Foundations. — Masonry or concrete piers under each post, 
1 foot 6 inches square at top and 4 feet square at bottom, depth 
5 feet. The piers of the outer posts are extended to catch the 
foundation sills of the housing. 

Posts. — Outer 12" X 12", inner 12" X 16" upright, well braced 
and tied with rods, 12" X 12" framing and 12" X 16" cross beams, 
with oak corbels at top of posts and 4" X 12" joists over, covered 
with 3-inch plank. 

Tub. — 16-foot staves, bottom outside diameter 24 feet, top 
outside diameter 23 feet, cedar staves 3 inches thick with iron 
bands at varying intervals on the outside. 

Housing. — The housing consists in building an ordinary frame 
structure around the tank, supported on cedar sills resting on the 
foundation piers. The walls are octagon-shaped, set back to get 
18 inches clear at the tub, studs 2" X 6" at 2-foot centers, doubled at 
corners, with 4" X 6" wall plates, and 2" X 6" stiffeners, and double 
boarding on the outside with building paper between. The roof 
is made of 2" X 6" rafters and ties, covered on the outside with 
T. and G. boarding and shingles or ready roofing on top. The 
frame is held to the main posts of the tank with 2" X 6" braces. 
The mechanism has already been described under fixtures. 



200 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AXD ESTIMATES. 

A\ proximate cost of the above 40, OOO-gall on enclosed tank. — 









L- : : . 



94 cubic yards excavation 

50 cubic yards masonry 

Cinder floor 1 4 C ! 

20.000 feet board measure housing, per thou- 
sand ISC'! 

13.000 feet board measure tank, per thousand 28.00 

Windows, doors, etc 70.00 

9 sq\; per square (100 square 

fee: .... 

Hardware and mechanism 



. ■ 



171.00 



17.00 
22 

;4 !! 

. \ 

::: :•: 



$0.50 

S !! 



\\ !! 
51 - ! 



\ !! 



Painting and glazing 35.00 40.00 



Cost. 



?47 

4!!.!! 
2S !J 

700 M 

650.00 
104.00 

45.00 

371.00 

75.00 



ervision and contingencies 10°^ 



-.-:.' !■! 



Total $2662.00 



STANDPIPES. 



201 



Standpipes. (Fig. 91.) 

The ordinary track water column or standpipe for railroad pur- 
poses is principally used to duplicate the water service from a main 
supply, for the convenience of locomotives. 

As it takes up little room and is arranged to swing clear of the 
tracks when not in use, it is not considered a serious obstruction. 

They are used very extensively at stations, yards, and other 
places where convenient for quick service, and are generally 
located so that one standpipe will serve two tracks, the distance 
being made wider for this purpose. When tracks are parallel, the 
minimum distance is 16-foot centers. 

A pipe line from the service water tank the full size of the stand- 
pipe is run connecting the two as direct as possible, so as to render 
a high velocity supply; sometimes the connection is made with the 
city or town's high pressure mains and charged by meter. 

The standpipes in general use are 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches, weigh- 
ing from 2500 to 5000 pounds each. 




a 



Drain 



Concrete Floor 
STAND PIPE 

Fig. 91. 




Approximate cost when the supply line does not exceed 50 feet. — 

Wood Concrete 

chamber. chamber. 

6-inch standpipe complete in place $300 to $400 $400 to $450 

8-inch standpipe complete in place 450 to 550 550 to 650 

10-inch standpipe complete in place 500 to 600 600 to 700 

12-inch standpipe complete in place 550 to 650 650 to 750 



202 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Construction. — The standpipes are made in a variety of designs 
and usually consist of a cast base, wrought-iron flanged upright, 
steel spout with splash nozzle, including valves and operating 
mechanism, as per Fig. 91. 

The supply is controlled by levers convenient for ready use. 

The valve is placed in a wood or concrete box about 4 feet wide, 
8 feet long, and 7 feet deep, with wood or concrete floor dished to 
drain; a frost-proof cover is placed over the pit about top of rail 
level, on which the cast base of the pipe is secured; a manhole is 
also inserted for inspection purposes, and a suitable drain is neces- 
sary to carry off the waste and leakage. 



APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE FOR SUPPLY PIPE AND STAXDPIPE. — 
SUPPLY PIPE 140 FEET LOXG. 

Supply pipe: 

Excavation for supply pipe, 110 cubic vards at 75 cts. $ 82.50 

C. I. pipe, 10-inch supply, 5.26 tons at S35 184.10 

Lead for joints, 168 pounds at 8 cts 13.44 

Laying pipe, 140 lineal feet at 1 7 cts 23 . 80 

Connections 10 . 00 

$313.84 

Standpipe: 

1 10-inch standpipe erected $350 . 00 

Excavation for pit, 10 cubic yards at 75 cts 7 50 

Concrete pit " 100 . 00 

57.50 

Drain 5 feet deep: 

Excavation 164 cubic yards at 75 cts $125 . 00 

210 lineal feet 4-inch tile pipe laid, at 16 cts 33. 60 

Bell trap bends and connections ' 13 . 40 

170.00 

$941.34 
Supervision and contingencies 10% 94 . 66 

Total $1036.00 



DAMS. 



203 



Dams. 

Dams for impounding water for gravity service average from 
6 to 12 feet in height; consisting usually of an earth embankment 
or such material as can be had conveniently near the location, or 
wood crib, or stone or concrete retaining wall. 



Slope 1 in 20 





^-Trench 

EARTH DAM 

Back Eill 




Plank. BoiSUed with stow 



WASTE WEIR 

Fig. 92. 

Fig. 92 represents the general cross section for earth dam; 
with ordinary material it is recommended that the upstream slope 
should not be steeper than 1 to 3, the rear slope 1^ to 1, preferably 

1 to 1, top width not less than 6 feet for a height of 10 feet or less, 
8 feet wide from 10 to 15 feet high, and 10 feet wide for 15 to 20 
feet high. 

The foundation should be on firm ground, with all sod and per- 
ishable matter removed over the entire area of the foundation for 
a depth of at least 6 inches, to prevent disintegration and possible 
leakage. 

When the height exceeds 10 feet, an intercepting or bond trench 

2 feet deep, from 6 to 12 feet wide, should be made running the full 
length. 

The inner slope should be protected with a thick layer of hard 
material, and when subject to wave action a further layer of heavy 
rock should be provided; the rear slope is best protected by sod. 

The waste way if possible should be located at a natural gap. If 
placed close to the dam, care must be taken to prevent the spill 
from endangering the dam from washing, saturation, or erosion, by 



204 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



building aprons and wings to prevent the water from passing 
around or under the dam. For safety, waste water should always 
be discharged at a distance from the dam. 

Top of levee should be at least 6 feet wide and level with top of 
dam, with slopes or waste side not steeper than 1 to 3, riprapped 
when possible. Difference in elevation between top of dam and 
bottom of waste way should not be less than 4 feet, with slope of 
dam side at angle of repose. 

A deep fall waste should have checks so as to form a series of 
smaller falls. 

The waste way may be constructed of timber as shown in sketch, 
though permanent material is more desirable. 

Crib and Masonry Dam. — When the location is convenient 
and only a gap or small length of dam is necessary a masonry 
or concrete wall or crib as illustrated in Figs. 93 and 94 is often 
used. 






**) H 


M 


M\ 




.•*"~>s 






^fvV 


' *) ' 


<j*} 


4*1 











CRIB DAM 

FSff. 93. 



Fis:. 94. 



With the masonry dam it would be necessary to have a waste 
way at some natural point around the storage reservoir or a 



DAMS. 205 

sluice with gate valves to let out the over surplus water in time 
of floods or severe storms. 

The crib dam is built with three offsets so as to form a spill 
way in itself. 

The approximate cost of dams will vary greatly, depending on 
local conditions. 

Approximate cost. — Earth dams 12 feet high, per lineal foot, 
$5 to $15. Wood and crib 25 feet high, per lineal foot, $40 to 
$60. Stone dam 25 feet high, per lineal foot, $80 to $150. 



APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY PIPE LINE 2500 FEET 
LONG (300 FEET IN DOUBLE WOOD BOX). 

Crib dam: 

3000 lineal feet cedar logs at 15 cts $450 . 00 

6000 feet board measure timber at $50 300.00 

200 cubic yards boulder fill at 50 cts 100 . 00 

Waste channel and fixing up gulley for overflow. ... 150.00 

$1000.00 

Pipe line: 

1800 cubic yards excavation boulders and rock, $2.00 $3600.00 

1500 cubic yards earth, 75 cts 1125.00 

25 tons C.I. 4-inch pipe, $35.00 875.00 

16 tons W.I. pipe, $38 . 00 61 . 00 

1500 pounds lead for joints, 8 cts 120 . 00 

Hauling and distributing pipes 125 . 00 

Laying joints 125 . 00 

Valves, bends, etc 100 . 00 

6131.00 

Boxing pipe account of precipice 300 feet: 

10,600 feet board measure timber, per thousand $50.00 $530 . 00 

4200 square feet tar paper, 10 cts 42 . 00 

Trestle support to pipe when boxed 100 . 00 

672.00 

$7823.00 
Supervision and contingencies 777 . 00 

Total $8600.00 



206 RAILROAD STRUCTURE AND ESTIMATES. 

Track Tanks. 

Track tanks are used to a limited extent, and usually consist 
of steel troughs placed directly on the ties, to hold the water 
so that locomotives can scoop up a supply while in motion, and 
are used for passenger and freight service to expedite train 
movement on congested districts. 

A comprehensive article in detail is given of this type of struc- 
ture in the Railroad Gazette, March 13, 1908, by H. H. Ross. 

The tanks must be located where the supply of water is abun- 
dant and of good quality; 15 to 50 per cent of the water is wasted 
by being forced out over the sides and ends by the engine scoops. 
The speed for satisfactory service is from 25 to 30 miles per hour, 
and the tracks are graded at the approaches to enable the neces- 
sary speed to be made, and for this reason track tanks should be 
away from any structures, crossings, yards, etc., and be well 
drained so that the water that gets into the bank is carried away 
quickly. This is done by stone-filled trenches and tile between 
tracks, the ballast being covered with large flat stones to hold 
the ballast and shed the water. 

Approximate cost. — A double-track installation will cost 
$15,000 to $30,000 exclusive of grading, track work, and drain- 
age. The maintenance averages probably about 8 per cent of 
the cost. 

Construction. — The ties supporting the trough should be of 
white oak 8" X 10" X 8' 6" long, and track thoroughly surfaced 
and filled in with stone ballast and same quality of ballast con- 
tinued for at least 1000 feet beyond the troughs on the trailing 
ends, and all ties tie plated. 

Water is usually supplied from elevated tanks, with a large- 
sized main reduced for the different inlets; H to 2 minutes are 
required to refill trough after an engine has scooped, and the 
filling is done with automatic valves. 

Trough recommended, 28 inches wide, 1\ inches deep, and 2000 
feet long, to give 5000 to 6000 gallons in a run. When track tanks 
are used in cold climates, it is necessary to heat the water to 
keep it from freezing, which is done by steam blowing, or by 
circulating by means of a pump or an injector. 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 207 



CHAPTER VII. 
RAILROAD SHOPS. 

The cost of slow-burning mill construction shops, usually 
built to conform with the underwriters' requirements in fire 
resistance, is given in Table 50, and the construction generally 
is as follows. 

Foundations. — Masonry or concrete foundation walls, from 
floor to five feet below ground, or to such depths as may be neces- 
sary to secure a good foundation, finished with a 12-inch cham- 
fered water table on top. 

Walls. — Exterior walls built of common brick, faced with 
second quality pressed brick; door and window sills, bush 
hammered stone or concrete. Walls are self-supporting, 24 to 
16 inches thick at the bottom, and not less than 12 inches thick 
at the top, with pilasters at every bay, well projected inside 
when carrying trusses. The gable walls also are stiffened with 
pilasters between doors or windows. 

Floors. — Floor foundation 12 inches cinders in which 4"X6" 
sleepers are embedded 4 feet apart and covered with 3-inch 
plank, for most of the buildings. 

Roofs. — Flat roof construction sloping 1 in 12 from the 
central axis, and covered with tar and gravel on 3-inch 
plank. 

Lights. — The buildings are lighted by large windows occupy- 
ing about 50 per cent of the wall area, and roof skylight moni- 
tors about 12 feet wide, with double pitched roofs glazed with 
rough glass. The skylights occupy about 25 per cent of the 
roof area, and have 24-inch ventilators in each skylight. 

Office, etc. — Small lean-to's are placed on the side of the 
buildings for lavatories, fan rooms, and shop offices. 

Heat and Fire Protection. — The buildings are equipped 
with the sprinkler system of fire protection, and heated by the 
hot-air method or exhaust steam vacuum system. 



208 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Electric Light. — Arc and incandescent lamps, open wire or 
pipe conduit. 

Equipment. — The equipment is given in percentage of total 
cost in Table 50 and in detail in Tables 51, 52, and 53. 



TABLE 50.— APPROXIMATE COST DATA RAILROAD SHOPS, FOUNDATIONS 

5 FEET BELOW GROUND. 









Cost of building 


only. 


Equip- 
ment 




Average width, 
length, and 










add 


Shop name. 


Contents. 








per 




height. 




Total. 


Sq. ft. 


Cu. ft. 


cent of 
total 
cost.* 




Ft. 


Sq. ft. 


Cu. ft. 






Cents. 


Percent 


Blacksmith. . . 


146X434 and 
















130X158X32 


83,600 


2,697,000 


$101,000 


$1.20 


3f 


30 


Cabinet 


62X580X27 


36,900 


954,700 


53,000 


1.43 


H 


25 


Car machine. . 


130X288X27 


38,400 


1,066,600 


44,200 


1.15 


H 


25 


Car truck 


82X434X20 


36,800 


763,600 


38,600 


1.05 


5 


20 


Dry kiln, soft 
















wood 


70X 85X16 


6,900 


96,500 


7,400 


1.05 


n 


90 


Dry kiln, hard 
















wood 


40X 85X16 


3,700 


51,700 


4,200 


1.11 


8 


90 


Foundry, gray 
















iron 


122X342X30 


42,700- 


1,354,700 


80,300 


1.90 


6 


40 


Freight car. . . 


107X540X30 


59,500 


1,829,900 


76,700 


1.28 


H 


25 


Frog and 










' 






switch 


102X264X22 


30,300 


674,000 


29,700 


.99 


4i 


30 


Locomotive, 
















boiler, erect- 
















ing and ma- 
















chine 


163X168X50 


191,300 


9,520,800 


497,200 


2.60 


5* 


10 


Offices 


56X 80X54 


4,500 


241,900 


27,700 


6.20 


12 


35 


Passenger car 
















erection. . . . 


100X672X24 


69,400 


1,752.700 


69,000 


1.00 


3| 


35 


Passenger car 
















paint 


100X672X24 


69,400 


1,752,700 


75,800 


1.07 


4* 


35 


Pattern 


50X 82X26 


4,100 


135,500 


7,400 


1.80 


5} 


25 


Pattern stores 


50X150X30 


7,500 


247,500 


17,300 


2.31 


7i 


5 


Planing mill. . 


50X150X30 


63,300 


1,835,300 


64,400 


1.33 


4 


30 


Power house. . 


104X160X39^ 


17,200 


616,400 


84,700 


4.92 


H 


500 


Stores general 


85X594X33 


50,500 


1,653,500 


88,100 


1.75 


5* 


20 


Wheel foundry 


107X187X24 


24,300 


649,800 


46,700 


1.93 


71 


100 



* Equipment includes heating, plumbing, fire protection, cranes, elevators, electric 
wires and lighting. 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 209 

TABLE 51. — DATA OF MISCELLANEOUS POWER HOUSE EQUIPMENT. 



Equipment. 



Boilers and stokers 

Generators 

Engines 

Compressors 

Economizers 

Induced draft 

Ash-handling apparatus . 

Piping 

Switchboard 

Feed pumps 

Shaving feed and storage 

Total 



$312,300 



Approximate cost in 


Approximate cost per 


place. 


unit. 


$88,500 


$27.50perB.H.P. 


50,600 


22.48 perKw. 


68,000 


20.88 per H.P. 


15,400 




10,500 




11,500 




1,500 




27,000 




28,000 




2,500 




8,800 





Rated H.P. boilers, 3219; engines, 3265; Kw., 2250. 
TABLE 52. — SHOP ELECTRIC TRAVELING CRANES. 



Shop location. 



Erecting . . . 
Machine . . . 
Machine . . . 

Boiler 

Midway 

Foundry . . . 
Foundry . . . 
Foundry . . . 
Frog 



0) 

S 




Capacity 




Motors H.P. 
D.C. 250 v. 


Speeds in ft. 

per minute 

loaded. 


a5 


S3 


a 
o 


a 
o 
+^> 

>> 

"x 

< 


c 

ft 

Ft. 


o 
O 
Xi 

Ft. 


"6 

£ 
Q 


>4 
"o 


fcuD 


>> 




"0 


bo 


>> 

"x 

<3 










Ft. 


2 


60 


10 


76i 


25* 


50 


7* 


50 


27 


10 


100 


250 


25 


241 


1 


15 




52 


25* 


27 


°2 


27 




19 


125 


300 




25* 


1 


10 




52 


251 


27 


3 


27 




27 


150 


300 




25* 


1 


20 


5 


76i 


25* 


25 


5 


25 


10 


12 


100 


250 


20 




1 


10 




77 


30 


25 


3 


25 




25 


125 


250 






1 


10 




60 


30 


25 


2 


25 




25 


100 


350 






1 


10 




60 


22 


25 


2 


25 




25 


100 


350 






1 


10 




30 


12 


5 




5 




16 




200 






1 


2 




30 


20 


3 




3 




10 




200 







e « 

O 

«-. 
ft 
ft 



Dols. 
29,200 
5,800 
5,300 
9,500 
5,100 
5,000 
5,200 
2,500 
2,000 



TABLE 53. — ORDINARY YARD LIFT STEAM CRANES WITH BOILERS. 



Capacity. 


Radius. 


Approximate cost 
erected. 


Tons. 

1* 

2 

2 


25 
20 
25 


$2000 to $2500 
1800 to 3000 
2500 to 3500 



Transfer Table 75 tons capacity, 75 feet long, complete with 550- volt motor A.C., 
travel 125 feet per minute loaded, 300 feet per minute light (cable * inch), $5500 to 
$6500 erected, without foundations. 



210 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

The Angus shops built by the Canadian Pacific Railroad at 
Montreal, H. Goldmark, engineer, may be taken as a typical lay- 
out for clustered buildings of this class, and the following brief 
description, partly taken from the Railway Age, Dec. 9 and 16, 
1904, embodies the principal features of each building tabulated 
in Table 50. 

Blacksmith Shop. — Masonry foundations, brick walls with 
pressed brick facing, door and window sills stone, steel posts, 
trusses, and purlins, wood rafters covered with 3-inch plank and 
tar and gravel roof. 

Skylights over the center running the full length of shop. 
Floor, 12 inches cinders. Lavatory and office accommodation 
inside shop, ground floor. 

The building is L-shaped, with extreme dimensions 434' X 300', 
one wing being 146 feet and the other 130 feet wide. 

The building is opposite the gray iron foundry and car machine 
shop, with the long side facing the midway. In the interior of 
the building the wings have " hip " roofs, and each divides into 
three equal aisles by row of columns supporting the roof trusses. 
The center aisle has a clerestory equal to the width of the trusses. 
The building covers an area of 83,600 square feet, and is equipped 
with tools and furnaces for working iron. The furnaces all use 
oil fuel, so that there is little smoke, and the ventilation is 
obtained by overhead pipes connected with large exhaust fans 
driven by electric motors. The larger hammers, punches, and 
shears are located in the small wing. There are three standard 
gauge tracks leading from the forge to the runway and overhead 
crane, and also three tracks leading from the smith shop. In 
addition there is a longitudinal track through the center of the 
long portion of the building. 

Cabinet and Upholstering Shop. — Masonry foundations, 
brick walls with pressed brick facing, door and window sills 
stone, wood posts and rafters in cabinet shop and steel posts 
and beams in storage portion and upholstering floor, roof 3-inch 
plank with tar and gravel covering. Skylights 10 feet wide 
running lengthwise over the center of the building, which is 
62' X 500'. The cabinet shop occupies half the ground floor, 
the other half being set apart for hardwood storage; the portion 
above the hardwood storage forming a second floor is used for an 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 211 

upholstering room. The building is located convenient to the 
planing mill, the passenger car shop, and the dry kiln, and is 
equipped with hoists, stairs, and office accommodation inside, 
with a lavatory lean-to on outside of building. Ground floor, 
3-inch plank on 4"X6 // sleepers 4-foot centers on a 12-inch cinder 
bed; upper floor, 3-inch plank on wood joists. 

Car Machine Shop. — Masonry foundations, brick walls with 
pressed brick facing and stone trimmings for door and window 
sills, steel posts, wood trusses and rafters covered with 3-inch 
plank and tar and gravel roof, skylights in each bay 12 feet 
wide by 60 feet long. Floor, 3-inch plank on 4" X 6" sleepers 
4-foot centers on a 12-inch cinder bed. 

The shop is 288 by 130 feet. It has three lines of track run- 
ning through it longitudinally. The cross section is divided 
into equal spans 43 feet 4 inches by steel columns 24-foot centers, 
which support the wooden roof trusses. A lean-to on one side 
of the building provides office, lavatory, and fan room accommo- 
dations. 

Car Truck Shop. — Masonry foundations, brick walls with 
pressed brick facing, door and window sills stone, wood posts 
and rafters covered with 3-inch plank and tar and gravel roof. 
Floor, 3-inch plank on 4" X 6" sleepers 4-foot centers on a 12-inch 
cinder bed. The shop is 82 by 434 feet. It is divided into three 
equal sections each 26 feet 8 inches span at the western portion, 
where steel columns and supporting steel beams are used, while 
the eastern portion is entirely of wood construction and here 
there are four sections each 20-foot span. The steel construc- 
tion was used for the purpose of handling trucks from overhead 
supports. 

On one side of the building there are two 16 by 24 feet fan houses 
and on the opposite side two 12 by 18 feet lavatories and toilet 
rooms. 

Dry Kilns (soft and hard wood). — Masonry foundations, 
brick walls outside, wood partitions inside, wood roof covered 
with tar and gravel. 

The dry kiln has three compartments — one for softwood, 19 by 
85 feet, one for hard wood, 19 by 85 feet, and an additional 21 
by 85 feet compartment for miscellaneous work. These are 
equipped with patent heating apparatus. There are no end 



212 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

walls, but the openings are covered by canvas doors operated by 
an overhead roll like a curtain. 

Foundry Iron. — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced with 
pressed brick, window and door sills stone, steel posts, trusses, 
and purlins, wood rafters covered with 3-inch plank and tar and 
gravel roof. Skylight lengthwise along center of house. Floor, 
3-inch plank on 4"X6" sleepers and 12-inch cinder bed for the 
chipping and tumbler room, office, sand and facing room, 12 inches 
sand for the molding floor, concrete for the blower room, and 
cinders and clay for the cupola room. 

The iron foundry is 122 by 342 feet, located near the locomo- 
tive shop, with one end facing the midway. The cross section 
of the building is in three sections, the central one having a 
height of 29 feet to the lower side of the roof truss, and it is served 
by a traveling crane of 57-foot span and 10 tons capacity. 
The side wings are each 30 feet wide and 16 feet high. Over 
the cupola room there is a second story with a storage bin and a 
heavy platform, which serves as a charging floor. This is an 
extension to which the yard crane delivers pig iron and coke. 
This building covers an area of 42,700 square feet. 

Data of electric traveling cranes are given in Table 52. 

Freight Car Shop. — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced 
with pressed brick, door and window sills stone, steel posts 
24-foot centers, wood trusses and rafters covered with 3-inch plank 
and tar and gravel roof, skylight over each bay. Floor, 3-inch 
plank on 4"X6" sleepers 4-foot centers on a 12-inch cinder bed; 
every seventh bay has a brick fire curtain wall with communi- 
cating fire doors. 

The shop is 107 by 540 feet, and is served by a yard crane 
across one end and by four longitudinal tracks running through 
it. There are also two intermediate tracks for supplies and six 
traveling cranes fitted with air hoists for handling heavy material. 

On one side of the building there are two 16 by 24 feet fan 
houses and one 12 by 41 feet lavatory and one 12 by 40 feet 
office in a one-story lean-to. The roof trusses are supported on 
steel columns, which carry 12-inch girders for three 1-ton travel- 
ing air hoists in each aisle of the building. The wall girders for 
the crane runways are carried on steel brackets bolted through 
the pilasters. 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 213 

Frog and Switch Shop. — Masonry foundations, brick walls 
faced with pressed brick, window and door sills stone, steel 
columns and purlins, wood rafters covered with 3-inch plank 
and tar and gravel roof. Skylights along center of shop. Floor, 
3-inch plank on 4"X6" sleepers at 4-foot centers and 12-inch 
cinder bed. 

The shop is 102 by 264 feet, has a single track extending 
through it, and is also served by a 33-foot 2-ton traveling crane 
in two of the three sections into which it is divided. Data of 
electric traveling cranes are given in Table 52. 

Locomotive, Erecting, and Machine Shop. — Masonry foun- 
dations, brick walls faced with pressed brick, door and window 
sills stone, steel posts and trusses, wood rafters covered with 
3-inch plank and tar and gravel roof, with skylights and ventila- 
tors, 3-inch plank floor on 4 by 6 sleepers at 4-foot centers on a 
12-inch cinder bed. 

The locomotives are handled by two 60-ton cranes of 77-foot 
span, each with 10-ton auxiliary hoist. 

In the machine shop there is one 15-ton crane of 77-foot 
span, with a runway which is the extension of the erecting 
shop. All cranes driven by continuous-current motors at 250 
volts. 

The walls of the locomotive shop are 48 feet high to the eaves; 
they are divided into panels 22 feet wide by pilasters which 
carry the roof trusses. Each panel has two windows 12 feet 
wide and 16 feet high. In each roof panel there is a transverse 
monitor 12 by 72 feet, with double pitched skylight roof, and in 
the sides 2 by 3 feet ventilating doors. 

On the east side of the shop there are four 12 by 24 feet one- 
story extensions, which are used as lavatories. The balcony is 
used for a sheet-iron shop and for light machinery. 

The boiler shop occupies 300 feet of the south end of the build- 
ing, is supplied with a 17-foot gap hydraulic riveter, and above 
it the riveting tower, which occupies one panel of the 80-foot 
bay, is 65 feet from top of rail. There are two 25-ton hydraulic 
cranes. 

The shop equipment is a hydraulic triple punch and a two- 
plunger fl anger, four riveting furnaces and a flange furnace, 
hydraulic punch and shears, small hydraulic riveter, hydraulic 



214 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

pump, the machine tools served by cranes 50-foot span, one 
15-ton and the other 10. 

The machines include a very long planer, a heavy 3-headed 
frame slotted machine and a driving wheel press and a milling 
machine for cylinders, a four-spindle frame drilling machine 
direct driven by four motors, and one electric oil pump. 3-spindle 
cylinder borer direct driven. 10-horsepower motor, a cylinder 
planer direct driven by electric motor, large driving wheel 
lathe. 

Two 10-ton cranes for the outside runways, with one 25-horse- 
power and 8-horsepower direct-current 250-volt motors. 

One 20-ton 77-foot crane in the boiler section of the locomo- 
tive shop, and one 10-ton 50 feet span crane in the iron foundry, 
and one 10-ton crane in the engine room of the power plant, and 
in addition a number of small cranes and air hoists in the other 
shops. 

Data of electric traveling cranes are given in Table 52. 

Offices (Main). — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced 
with pressed brick, door and window sills stone, wood floors and 
partitions, slate roof. Interior natural finish and plastered walls 
burlapped 6 feet high in halls. Lavatory and toilet accommo- 
dations on each floor. 

The building is 56 by SO feet, three stories high, with a base- 
ment and attic near the center of the building. The basement 
to be used for testing room, lavatory and heating apparatus, 
storage and small offices. The first floor is for clerks and store- 
keepers, the second for officials of rolling stock and car builders, 
and the third for drafting room and blue-print room. 

Passenger Car Shop Erection and Paint). — Masonry 
foundations, brick walls faced with pressed brick, door and 
window sills stone, wood posts, and rafters covered with 3-inch 
plank and tar and gravel roof, skylights in each bay, floor 3-inch 
plank on 4 by 6 sleepers at 4-foot centers on a 12-inch cinder 
bed. 

The passenger car erection and paint shops are each 100 by 
672 feet, and they are served by an electric transfer table 75 feet 
long operated by a 20-horsepower alternating-current motor. 
Each shop has 28 tracks spaced 24 feet center to center. On 
account of the peculiarity of track approach to the shop grounds, 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 215 

necessitated by the contour of the shop yard, the transfer pit is 
placed with longitudinal axis parallel to the long shops. In the 
passenger department the cars enter the transfer table by a long 
curve from the main shop track. 

Pattern Storage. — Masonry foundation, brick walls with 
pressed brick facing, door and window sills stone, steel posts and 
rafters and reinforced concrete roof covered with tar and gravel, 
with skylights over roof. Intermediate wood posts support the 
floors. 

Ground floor, concrete on a sand bed; first and second floors, 

heavy floor beams and 4J by 3^ flooring with 1^-inch air spaces. 

The building is 50 by 150 feet, and is three stories. Inside 

light only is obtained from skylights in the roof. The four 

exterior doors are covered with galvanized iron. 

Pattern Shop. — Masonry foundation, brick walls faced with 
pressed brick, window and door sills stone, wood posts, beams 
and rafters covered with 3-inch plank and tar and gravel roof. 
Ground floor, 3-inch plank on 4 by 6 sleepers 4-foot centers and 
12-inch cinder bed. First floor, 2-inch T. and G. planks on 
6"X12" joists about 4-foot centers. 

The pattern shop is 50 by 82 feet, two stories high, and is 
located on the midway opposite the blacksmith shop. 

Planing Mill. — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced with 
pressed brick, window and door sills stone, steel posts, wood 
trusses and rafters covered with 3-inch plank and tar and gravel 
roof, with skylights over each bay. 

Floor, 3-inch plank on4 // X6" sleepers 4-foot centers on 12-inch 
cinder bed. The planing mill is 126 by 500 feet, similar in con- 
struction to the car machine shop, but has one row of columns 
which divides it into longitudinal aisles. There is a track pass- 
ing through the center of each aisle and one transverse track 
with turntables at the intersection which connects with the dry 
kiln. 

Power House. — Masonry foundation, brick walls faced with 
pressed brick, steel trusses, wood rafters covered with 3-inch 
plank and waterproof covering with a 2-inch air space and a cover- 
ing of 1J"T. and G. boards on top finished with tar and gravel 
roof with skylights over. Boiler and pit duct room floors 6 inches 
concrete, engine room floor hardwood. A steel frame is placed 



216 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

around the smoke stack, leaving two feet clear on each side. The 
stack is also insulated by sheet steel and heavy asbestos board 
to guard against fire. 

The house is located near the planing mill in order to use the 
refuse lumber and shavings. The building is 101 by 168 feet, 
divided by a longitudinal middle wall into boiler and engine 
room. The engine room is equipped with a 10-ton traveling 
crane. 

Engine and generator equipments are as follows: Three 750 
and one 375 horsepower cross compound horizontal Corliss 
engines, making 150 revolutions per minute, direct connected 
to three 500-kilowatt and one 250-kilowatt, three-phase, 300- 
volt, alternating-current generators; two 250-kilowatt, 250- volt 
direct-current dynamos for the crane service, air compressors to 
supply air at 100 pounds pressure through one seven-inch and one 
two-inch main leading to the different shops. 

In the boiler house there are four 416-horsepower boilers 
working under a pressure of 150 pounds and one 300-horsepower 
boiler at 300 pounds working pressure used in testing locomo- 
tives; boilers hand stoked, equipped with shaking grates. 

There is a shaving exhaust system for supplying the boilers 
with the refuse from the planing mill. The induced system of 
draft is used on the boilers, and the stack is of steel 8 feet in 
diameter and 70 feet high. The induced draft is operated by 
two 10-foot fans each making 200 revolutions per minute. 
Two economizers are used and are sufficient for the five boilers 
already installed. Further data of cost are given in Table 51. 

The boiler connects with a 12-inch header, and there are reduc- 
ing and by-pass valves provided to permit high-pressure steam 
to be used in the mains from the low-pressure battery. 

There are two 12"x7"X 12" and two 6"X3V'X6" feed pumps, 
also feed water heater. Underneath the boiler house is a tunnel 
terminating at an air hoist for lifting the ash cars to the surface 
track. The ashes are discharged to floor hoppers, from which 
they are emptied into the tunnel cars. The steam pipes are 
carried from the power house to the several buildings in a tunnel 
6 feet high, 4^ feet wide, built of brick. Wall brackets carry the 
live steam pipes for heating by night and exhaust steam by day, 
a high-pressure steam pipe for locomotive tests, the compressed 



RAILROAD SHOPS. 217 

air pipes, and a return pipe for drainage of all the heating appa- 
ratus. The steam exhaust pipes are covered with asbestos air 
cell covering wired on. A few of the smaller mains are carried 
underground in wooden boxes. The distribution of electric power 
to the different shops is by bare wire on steel poles. 

Data of miscellaneous power house equipment are given in Table 
51 and electric traveling cranes in Table 52. 

Stores. — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced with pressed 
brick, door and window sills stone, wood posts and rafters 
covered with 3-inch plank and tar and gravel roof. Ground 
floor, 3-inch plank on 4 by 6 sleepers 4-foot centers on a 12-inch 
cinder bed; second floor, 2-inch T. and G. plank on heavy 
joists. 

The house is 85 by 594 feet, and is located with one end 
facing the midway directly opposite the end of the large machine 
shop. This building is two stories high; it has wooden roof 
girders supported by three longitudinal rows of wooden 
columns, which carry a center gallery supported on joists between 
girders. The sills of the windows are 13^ feet above the floor 
line to allow for storage racks and shelves on the walls below 
them. The gallery is lighted by 12-foot standard monitors 
extending the whole length of the building. 

Offices, scales, hoists, and lavatory and toilet accommodation 
are provided on the ground floor. 

Wheel Foundry. — Masonry foundations, brick walls faced 
with pressed brick, door and window sills stone, steel posts, 
trusses, and purlins, wood rafters covered with 3-inch plank and 
tar and gravel roof; skylights in each bay; moulding floor, 12 inches 
cinders and clay. 

The foundry is located on the extreme northwest portion of 
the yard and is convenient to the freight car and truck shops. 
It is 107 by 187 feet, and is divided into three sections trans- 
versely, two of them of 52 feet 6 inches span. The cupola room, 
27 feet wide, is two stories, having a length of 90 feet, and the 
second floor is built like that on the iron foundry, having a 
charging floor on the opposite side. There is a one-story extension 
12 by 27 feet for toilet room and lavatory. At each end of 
the building 40 feet is used for the annealing pits, and this is 
served by a 3000-pound crane, running transversely to the 



218 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

longitudinal axis of the building. This building covers an area 
of 24,300 square feet. 

Electric and Telephone Installation. — There are about 
200 electric motors used in the different shops, and only 15 of 
them are of the variable-speed type. All the machine tools, 
cranes, transfer table, heating and exhaust and the various 
draft fans are motor driven. The constant-speed motors are of 
three-phase induced type, using current at 550 volts. 

In the buildings there is a mixed system of open porcelain cleats 
and slow-burning waterproof wire in the ceiling and Richmond 
conduits and rubber-covered wire on the side walls. Cut-out 
boxes are supplied for about every 100 horsepower of motor 
wire and every 10 kilowatts of lighting. The shops and yards 
are lighted with four hundred 110- volt enclosed arc lamps and 
in addition 3800 16-candlepower incandescent 110-volt lamps. 

In the passenger car shops low extension arc lamps are 
installed. 

In the yard there are 50 enclosed series arc lamps. 

There is a complete telephone system using fixed telephones 
connecting to long-distance wires. 

This system is equipped with metallic circuit, electric gener- 
ators for ringing, and self-restoring drops. 



SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMS. 219 



CHAPTER VIII. 

INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING SPECIFICATIONS, PRO= 
POSALS, CONTRACTS, PLANS, AND ESTIMATES. 

Specifications and Forms. 

Engineers should be supplied with printed copies of the speci- 
fications and forms mentioned in the list given below. They 
are intended to cover the entire general field of railroad con- 
struction, and to be used for all contract work. 

Preferably complete plans and specifications should be fur- 
nished to contractors. 

When calling for bids use the Standard Printed Specifications 
with Form F. 4, d, 1 attached for buildings and kindred structures, 
and Form F. 4, d, 2 for general railroad construction. 

To make a complete specification it is only necessary to insert 
the numbers of such clauses (from the printed specifications) as 
may be desired opposite the given items. (See Form.) 



Unit Prices. 

Buildings and Kindred Structures. — The usual custom is to 
obtain unit prices in addition to lump sum prices for the various 
trades and a lump sum for the entire work, as itemized on the 
form. 

When unit prices are not necessary a note to that effect can be 
written across the columns. 

General Railroad Construction. — The contract is governed 
principally by unit prices, though approximate quantities are 
often given and itemized as a lump sum bid. 

It is obvious, however, that such quantities should not enter into 
the contract as final but simply given as a fair approximate esti- 
mate, the contractor to be paid for the actual work done, more 
or less as the case may be. 



220 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

When making a comparison of bids received on unit prices the 
engineer usually has his estimated quantities from which he 
figures the probable cost of the work, and incidentally is enabled 
to detect unbalanced bids, that is, bids sent in with a low total 
and high and low unit prices; the contractor, figuring on the 
probable variation of the most likely quantities and those that 
will not vary very much, manipulates his units accordingly, so 
that should he get the work the final results under ordinary cir- 
cumstances will generally be to his advantage and detrimental 
to the company. 

The proposal and contract forms generally, are from Canadian 
Pacific Railway Company's standards. 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



221 



LIST OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMS. 



Angle Bars. 
Ash Pits. 



B. 

1. Bolts. 

2. Boiler Houses. 

3. Bunk Houses. 

4. Bridges, Steel (Section 

A, B, C, D, E, and 
F.) 

5. Building Specification 

(General) . 



C. 

1. Cement, Sand, and 

Water. 

2. Concrete (Class A, B, 

andC). 

3. Concrete Culvert Pipe. 

4. Concrete Arch Cul- 

verts. 

5. Concrete Rail Cul- 

verts. 

6. Cribs. 

7. Cast-iron Pipe. 

8. Cattle Guards. 

9. Coaling Plants. 

10. Construction (Clear- 

ing, Grubbing, etc.). 

11. Color Card (Stan- 

dard) . 

12. Coal and Oil Sheds. 

13. Car Sheds. 



D. 



1. Dams. 



F. 

1. Fences, Wood (Snow, 

etc.). 

2. Fences, Wire (right of 

way). 

3. Freight Sheds. 

4. Forms. 

4a. Notice to Contractors 
(asking bids). 

4b. Proposal (Brief de- 
scription proposed 
work) . 

4c. Contract (Final). 

4d. Standard Specifica- 
tion, Forms 1 and 2. 

4e. Notice to Successful 
Bidder (Award of 
Contract) . 

4f. Notice to Unsuccess- 
ful Bidders (Result 
of Contract). 

4g. Estimating, Sum- 

mary List. 

4h. Estimating, Detail 
List. 



G. 



1. Gates. 



H. 



1. Heating. 



I. 

1. Ice Houses. 

2. Interlocking. 



M. 



1 . Masonry. 



1. Privies. 

2. Pump Houses. 

3. Pumps and Boilers. 

4. Paint. 

5. Piling. 



R. 

1. Rails, Steel. 

2. Repair Sheds. 



S. 

1. Shanties. 

2. Stone Masonry (Class 

A,.B, C, D, andE). 

3. Stone Arch Culverts. 

4. Stone Box Culverts. 

5. Spikes (Steel) 

6. Stations. 

7. Switches. 

8. Stock Yards. 

9. Storehouses. 

10. Sand Houses. 

11. Section Houses. 

12. Shelters. 

13. Standpipes. 

14. Sign Posts. 

15. Scrap Sheds. 



1. Tile Pipe Culverts. 

2. Tool Houses. 

3. Timber Culverts. 

4. Track Work. 

5. Track Scales. 

6. Ties. 

7. Turntable and Pit. 

8. Tunnels. 

9. Trestles (Timber). 
10. Trestles (Steel). 



E. 

1. Engine Houses. 



O. 
Oil Houses. 



W. 

1. Water Tanks. 



222 



SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMS. 



Railway Company. 



Form F. 4d 1 



SPECIFICATIONS 

Of the Material and Work necessary for the Erection and Completion 

of a at : 

according to the plans numbered 

General: — The prices shall include all labor and material for the work com- 
plete, in accordance with the printed specifications attached more particularly 
under the clauses mentioned as follows : — 



Items. 


Spec. 

No. 


Clauses. 


Unit. 


o 

E 


Con- 
tract 
Price. 


Excavation, Grading, etc.: 
Excavation (except rock) . . . 






Rock, per cub 
yd 




Excavation, etc 


B5-1 


1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 








Piling 


Driven, per lin. 

ft. 
In place, lin. ft. 
In place, each . . 
In place, lin. ft. 
In place, cub. yd 
Contract Price . . 




Drains 










Manholes 








Agricultural drains 








Cinder fill 






$ 
$.. 

% 






CI 
B5-2 


1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 

1 to 10 inclus. 

1 1 , Class 

1 1 , Class 


$ 


Cement, Sand, etc.: 
Cement, sand and water .... 




S 




Contract Price 


$ 


Stone Masonry: 

Stone, etc 






Masonry (walls above grade) 
Masonry (walls below grade) 
Piers, etc 


Super, sq. ft. 

Cubic yd 

Cubic yd 

Sq. (100 sq. ft.) 






Damp proofing 






% 




Mortar 












B5-3 


1 to 12 inclus. . 


Contract Price . 




$....: 


Brick Work: 

Brick, etc 






Common brick 




In place, per M. 
In place, per M. 
In place, per M. 


% 




Face brick 






$ 




Paving brick 






% 










% 












% 






B5-4 




Contract Price . . 


% 


S 


Concrete, etc.: 
Concrete 






Reinforced steel 




In place, per lb . 
In place cu. vd. 


$ 




Concrete, Class "A" 






% 




Concrete, Class "B". . 






In place, cu. yd. 
In place, cu. yd. 
Sq. (100 sq. ft.) 
In place, cu. yd. 
In place, cu. yd. 






Concrete, Class "C" 








Damp proofing 






$.. 

% 




Concrete pits . . 








Machine foundations 






% 




Pipe ducts 










Encasing steel 












Solid concrete floors . . 






In place, sq. yd. 
In place, sq. yd. 


$ 




Platforms and sidewalks . . 






% 






B5-5 


1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 
8, 9, 10, 11, 12 
13 to 29 inclus.. 


Contract Price . . 


$.. 

% 


S 


Carpentry, etc.: 

Timber, etc 

Millwork, etc 


M. ft. B. M 

do 




Doors and windows . . 






Interior work 








$ 












% 












% 




Interior finish 








$ 










Contract Price . . . 




S 



SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMS. 



223 



Items . 



Spec. 

No. 



B5-6 



1,2 



In place, per set. 
In place, per post. 
In place, per door 
In place, per jack 



Contract Price . 



B5-7 



Sq. (100 sq. ft.) 
Super, sq. ft. . . . 
In place, sq. ft. . 
In place, each. . 
Contract Price . . 



B5-8 



1 to 14 inclus. 



In place, each , 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 



Contract Price . 



B5-9 



1, 2, 3, 4, 5 



Per sq. yd 

Girth,meas.sq.yd. 
Contract Price . 



Hardware Fittings, etc.: 

Hardware, etc. 

Grates and frames 

Stop post fittings 

Complete shop door fittings . 

Smoke jacks 

Track rails, etc 

Roofing, Flashing, etc. 

Roofing 

Flashing 

Skylights 

Ventilators 

Plumbing: 

Plumbing, etc 

Water closets 

Baths 

Lavatories 

Urinals 

Sinks . 

Water supply, etc 

Plastering, etc.: 

Plastering 

Cornices 

Painting, Glazing, etc.: 

Painting 

Glazing 

Kalsomining 

Whitewashing 

Finish 

Electric Wiring, etc.: 

Wiring, etc 

Outlets 

Wall switches 

Circuit switches 

Fixtures 

Heating, etc. 

Hot water heating 

Steam boiler heating 

Steam vacuum heating and 

steam, air and water 

pipes. 
Hot air heating and steam, 

air and water pipes. 

Steel Work: 

Structural steel 

Cast iron 

Miscellaneous: Contract Price , 

For work not included in specification but shown on plan or vice versa, 

briefly as follows : 



B5-10 



B5-11 



HI 



B5-12 



Clauses. 



1 to 9 inclus. 



Unit. 



3 coats, sq. yd. 
16 oz. sq. ft. . . 

Per sq. yd 

.. ..do 

....do....... 

Contract Price . 



In place, each . 

.. ..do 

.. ..do 



Contract Price , 



Contract Price . 



Erected, 
Erected, 



per lb , 
per lb 



Con- 
tract 
Price. 



Contract Price , 



Total Contract Price 



The Unit Prices given will govern in cases of deductions or additions, after the 
contract is let, subject to "General Contract Conditions." 



Signature of Witness. 



Signature of Contractor. 



19 



224 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Form F. 4d, 2. 
Railroad Company. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Of the Material and Work Necessary for the Building 

of a 

from to 

General: — The prices shall include all labor and material for the work com- 
plete, in accordance with the printed specifications attached more particularly 
under the clauses mentioned, as follows : — 



Items. 



Roadway : 
Trees reserved , 



Clearing 

Grubbing 

Grading: 

Excavation, common. 
Excavation 

solid rock 

loose rock 

Tile sub-drains 






0> c 



Clauses. 



Unit. 



Per cord, 128 cu. 
ft. 

100 ft. sq 

do 



Cu. yard . . . 

. ... do 

.... do 

. ...do 

Ft., in place 



Approx 

Quanti 

ties 



Am't. 



Cross waying 

Dangerous trees 
Extra haul . . . . 



Tunnels: 
Excavation, common 

rock 

Timber 

"Wrought iron 

Cast iron 



Structures: 

Excavation, common . . . 

rock 

rock under water 



Cement, etc.: 

Cement, sand and water 



Stone Masonry: 
Class "A" 



"B' 
"D' 



"E" 

Arch culverts . . . . 

Box culverts 

Concrete Masonry: 
Class "A" 

"B' 

"C" 

Stone facing 

Arch culverts . . . . 
Rail culverts 



100 ft. sq 

Per tree removed 
Cu. yd. (100) ft.. 



Per cu. yd 

.... do 

M. ft. B. M., in pi 
Per lb., in place . 

. . .do 



Per cu. yd 
.... do ... . 
.. ..do... . 



Cu. yd., in place 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 



Cu. yd., in place 

.. ..do 

.. ..do 

Sq. ft., in place.. 

Cu. yd., in place 

do 



SPECIFICATIONS AND FORMS. 



225 



Items. 


Ss 6 


0> o 

a£ 


Clauses. 


Unit. 


w 
o 

s 

Ph 


Approx 
Quanti- 
ties. 


Am't. 
$ 


Pipe Culverts: 








Lin. ft., in place 






























do 








Paving, etc.: 








Cu. yd., in place 
. . ..do 








loose 






















... .do 








Timber, etc. 

Piles 








Lin. ft., in place 
M. ft. B. M. in pi 
do 












































.. ..do 








Cribs (frame) 








Cu. yd., in place 
....do 






























M. ft. B. M., in pi 

M. ft. B. M., in pi 
do 








Trestles: 

Timber excepting stringers 

Timber stringers 




















Wrought iron or steel .... 








Per lb., in place . 
















do 








Wooden Bridges: 








M. ft. B. M., in pi 
Per lb., in place . 








Steel rods upset 














Steel truss plates 








do 








Cast iron 








do 
















.. ..do 








Open Culverts: 

Timber except stringers . . 

Timber stringers 








M. ft. B.M.,inpl 
.. ..do 














Steel and iron 








Per lb., in place . 








Cattle Guards: 








Per Xing, in place 
do 






















Fencing and Gates: 








Erected, per mile 
. . . .do 






























Erected, per lin. 
















ft. 
Per gate, erected . 
















. . . .do 








Farm Crossings, etc. 
.... Ft. farm crossing .... 








In place complete 
.... do 








.... Ft. farm crossing .... 














.... Ft. public road cross- 








.... do 








ing. 

Sign Posts: 

Mile posts 








Each, in place . . . 








Mile boards 








.... do 








Station mile board 








. . . .do 








Rail rack posts 








.... do 








Whistle posts 








. . . .do 








Highway crossings signs . . 








. . . do 








xvailway crossings signs. . . 








.... do 








Stop posts 








.... do 








Slow posts 








. ... do 








Yard limit boards 








. ... do 








Trespass signs 








. ... do 








Section posts 








. ... do 








Elevation posts 






do 
















226 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Items. 


u 


4) C 


Clauses. 


Unit. 


m 

o 

5 


Approx 
Quanti- 
ties. 


Am't. 

$ 










Each, in place . . . 
















.. ..do 
















.. ..do 








Bridge and trestle numbei 








. . . .do 
















.... do 








Track Work: 

Ballast, gravel 








Per cu. yd., in pi 
.. ..do 






















dirt 








.. ..do 
















.. ..do 
















Each, in place . . . 








No. 2 








.. ..do 
















.. ..do 








switch 








Per set, in place 
Per mile, in ]3lace 
.... do 






















Surfacing, Class "A" 














"B". . . . 








do 








Buildings and Kindred 

Structures: 
Ash pits 








Built complete . . 






• 


Boiler houses 






See Form 


do 








Bunk houses 






Per sq.ft. in place 
Built complete . . 








Coal platforms 












. 


Coaling plants 








.... do 








Coal and oil sheds 








do 
















.... do 








Engine houses 








do 








Freight sheds 








do 








Oil houses 








.... do 








Privies, No. 1 








. . . .do 








No. 2 . 








.... do 








Pump houses 








.... do 








Repair sheds . . . 








. . . .do 








Sand houses 








do 








Section houses, single 








.... do 
















. . . do 








Stations, No. 


.do 








No 








.... do 








No 








do 
















.... do 
















.... do 
















do 
















.... do 
















.... do 
















do 
















.... do 
















do 
















do 
















do 








Miscellaneous : 


































. . . 1 
















The above unit prices to govern all contract work, subject to general contract 
conditions. 



Signature of witness. 



Signature of contractor. 



19 



PROPOSALS. 227 



Proposals. 

Proposals Called For. — Proposals, specifications, and all 
forms necessary will be filled out in detail by the engineer. 

Sufficient time should be given contractors, so as to secure 
appropriate competition. 

Bids shall be called for by issuing the following: — 

Notice to contractors Form F. 4a See page 231. 

Proposal " F. 4b " " 232. 

Contract " F. 4c " " 234. 

Specification " F. 4d, 1 or 2 " 222, 

Contract drawings (blueprints) . 

Lack of commercial standing on the part of the bidder will 
constitute good and sufficient ground for the rejection of bid. 

Abnormally low bids should be subjected to the strictest scrutiny 
and comparison with prevailing market rates. 

All bids received from contractors who have failed unjusti- 
fiably to fill former contracts with the company shall be rejected. 

Careful investigation will be made of the financial status of 
individual bondsmen offering themselves as securities on con- 
tractors' bonds, and no bonds of individuals shall be accepted until 
it is conclusively shown to the satisfaction of the engineer that 
such bonds afford ample security to the company for the fulfil- 
ment of the undertaking in question. 

Accepted Proposals. — Proposals in duplicate will be for- 
warded to the Engineer, accompanied by proper recom- 
mendations. 

Accepted proposals will be signed by the Engineer, and 

one copy returned to the engineer for the preparation of con- 
tract. 

Engineers will advise successful bidders of award of contract, 
Form F. 4e, and will issue instructions for the prosecution of the 
work, and will advise all contractors who have tendered the 
result of award of contract, Form F. 4f. 

In cases of special urgency, authority to proceed immediately 
with the work may be obtained by telegraphing rates and 
amount of lowest acceptable tender, but proposals to cover must 
be prepared and forwarded without delay. 



228 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Unimportant work for amounts not exceeding $500 may be 
performed without the execution of formal contracts. In such 

cases acceptance by the Engineer will be noted on the 

face of the proposal in duplicate, and one copy will be returned 
to successful bidder. Such proposals will take the place of 
formal contracts. 

Contracts. 

Preparing Contracts. — Upon receipt of advice of accepted 
proposals, contracts, Form F. 4c, should be promptly prepared 
by the engineer in duplicate. When duly executed by contractors, 

contracts, with two extra copies, should be sent to the 

Engineer, with accepted proposals attached for execution by the 
Company. 

After execution by the company one original and one copy 
will be returned to the engineer, who will deliver original to the 
contractor. 

In preparing contracts the following instructions should be 
observed: — 

1. When the contractor is an individual (not a firm or corpo- 
ration), his full name and residence should be inserted on the 
first page. He should sign the contract in his ordinary signature 
on the line above the words " signature of contractor, " and a 
seal should be put opposite the signature over the small circle at 
the end of the said line. If there is more than one individual, 
have him do so in a similar manner, in the space above said line, 
a separate seal being put opposite each signature. 

2. When the contractor is a firm, the preferable way is to 
make each member of the firm a party and have him sign the 
contract. For instance, a contract is being made with the firm 
of Smith, Brown & Jones, of which the partners are John Smith, 
Robert Brown and James Jones. On the first page of the con- 
tract, describe the contractor as John Smith, Robert Brown and 
James Jones, carrying on business at London, County of Simcoe, 
Ontario, under the firm name and style of " Smith, Brown & 
Jones." Have each member of the firm execute the contract in 
the same manner as is described above in paragraph one. 



CONTRACTS. 229 

3. When the contractor is a corporation, care should be taken 
to see that the proper name of the corporation is inserted on the 
first page as the contractor. The corporate seal of the corpo- 
ration should always be affixed to the contract, and the contract 
signed by its duly authorized officer or officers as in the following 
example : 

Preamble: "The Railway Construction Company Ltd., carry- 
ing on business, and having its head office at the City of New 
York, in the state of New York. ' ' 

Execution : — 

The Railway Construction Company, Ltd. 
Signed, sealed and delivered John Jones, 

by the contractor in pres- President. 

ence of Peter Robinson, 

["corporate! Secretary. 

.|_ seal J 

4. The execution by the parties to the contract should be 
witnessed separately or collectively as required, and the witness 
or witnesses should sign immediately under the words " Signed, 
sealed and delivered by the contractor," etc. 

5. Where plans or specifications do not accompany contract, 
the portion of clause 1 relating to same should be stricken out. 
If work is in accordance with Standard Plans or Specifications 
reference may be made to same in space alloted to the description 
of the work. In this space, reference should also be made to 
tender on which contract is based. 

6. Clause 16 is to be used solely for schedule of sums and prices 
to be paid by the company. 

7. Additional clauses, if any, may be written on page 4, below 
schedule of prices, and should be numbered 16 (A), 16 (B), etc. 
If necessary, blank sheet 4 (a) can be inserted, and additional 
clauses continued on same. 

8. A time for completion should be agreed upon, and a penalty 
clause for noncompletion within specified time inserted. The 
clause should be of the following general form : — 

"The penalty for the noncompletion of the work in the time 
specified shall be dollars per day for each and every day 



230 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

which may elapse between the time specified and the actual 
completion of the work, and the sum shall be deducted from the 
amount of the contract price." 

9. A strike clause should also be inserted if desired, as follows: 

"The contractor agrees in the event of strikes or labor trouble 

for increase in rate of wages, to pay such increase if demanded 

by the Company, and shall not hold up or delay the work for the 

causes mentioned. " 

Carrying Out Contract. — Contracts once executed will be 
strictly construed, and no variation from standards, specifications 
or plans will be permitted. 

If it be demonstrated that contract requirements are unreason- 
able, or that the work is not practicable, or that for any reason 
the stipulations cannot be rigidly applied or enforced, the matter 
must be taken up with the Engineer in charge. 

To sanction any variation or to relax stringency in any par- 
ticular of an existing contract is irregular and is likely to give the 
contractor an advantage which is unfair to competitors whose 
proposals were based on the expectation of being held to the 
strictest observance of the specifications. 

All supplies furnished under contract will be subjected, when- 
ever practicable, to the personal inspection of the Engineer at the 
time of deliver}', and in the case of work being fabricated in a 
shop, the inspection is to be made before shipping, such inspec- 
tion to be made by competent inspectors, subject to test and 
verification at irregular intervals by the Engineer in charge. 



CONTRACTS. 231 

NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS. 

Form F. 4a. 
Railway Company. 

engineering department. 

19.... 



To 



Sir : — You are requested to tender on the following work : 



Copies of the Proposal, Specification, Contract and Drawings, together 
with any supplementary information required, can be had on application. 

Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the. . . . . until 

12 o'clock noon on the day of 19 under the follow- 
ing condtions: 

Proposals must be made on forms furnished by the Company. 

All blank spaces and unit prices in the proposal must be filled in, 
and no change shall be made in the phraseology of the proposal or addi- 
tions to the items mentioned therein. 

The Contractor is expected to examine the Specifications and Plans, 
to visit the locality of the work, and to make his own estimate of the 
facilities and difficulties attending the execution of the proposed work 
and the completion of same within the time specified. 

All Drawings, Specifications and Proposal Forms furnished by the 
Company shall be returned to the Engineer with the proposals. 

The Contractors' bond will be per cent of the amount of his 

proposal. 

Proposals must be in sealed envelopes addressed to and 

the envelopes endorsed "Proposal for " 



232 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



PROPOSAL. 

Railway Company. 



Form F. 4b. 



ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT. 
For 



[Location) 



The undersigned hereby propose, and if this proposal is accepted. 

agree to enter into a written contract, if required, with the 

Railway Company to supply all labor and material and complete aU 
work according to the plans and directions of the Engineer for said 
Railway Company, in conformity with the specifications attached hereto, 
upon the terms and conditions of the contract prepared therefor, and 
within the time specified, as follow- : 



All the above work to be completed on or before 19. . . . 

The information upon which this proposal is based was obtained by 
the proposer through his own sources of knowledge, and was not derived 
from any officer or agent of the Railway Company. 

The Railway Company reserves the right to reject any and all bids, 
and. at its option, to require a satisfactory bond from the contractor for 
faithful performance of the work. 

The Railway Company shall be given preference at equal rates on all 
competitive shipments, and no such shipments will be routed via foreign 
fines without prior notice to its Traffic Department. 

This Proposal is made with the understanding that no free or reduced 
rates whatever will be given by the Company on account of this work, 
and that full tariff freight and passenger rates will be paid by the 
contractor. 

Signature of Proposer 

Address 

Date 19.... 



CONTRACTS. 233 

Form F. 4f. 
Railway Company. 

engineering department. 



19, 



To 



Sir: — I beg to advise that the contract for. 



has been awarded to another contractor and desire to thank you for bid 
received. If you have not already done so, please return all plans, speci- 
fications and proposals. 

Yours truly, 



Form F. 4e. 



Railway Company. 

engineering department. 



19. 



To, 



Sir : — I beg to advise that your bid for 



has been accepted and duplicate copies of the Contract, Specifications, 
and Plans are in this Office waiting your signature for execution. Your 
prompt attention to the same is requested. 

Yours truly, 



234 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



GENERAL CONTRACT FORM. 

Gbte agreement, made in duplicate the. 

day of 

BETWEEN 



Form F. 4c. 
..-, 19 



Covenant to 
do work 



Date of com- 
pletion. 



Description 
of work. 



hereinafter called "the Contractor/' of the one part, and 
THE RAILWAY COMPANY, herein- 
after called "the Railway Company," of the other part, 
witnesseth as follows : 

(1) In consideration of the covenants and agreements 
hereinafter contained and to be performed by the Railway 
Company and of the prices hereinafter mentioned the Con- 
tractor hereby covenants and agrees with the Railway Com- 
pany that he will furnish all labor, services and material 
required by this contract, and will construct, complete and 
finish in the most thorough, workmanlike and substantial 
manner in every respect to the satisfaction and approval of 

the Engineer for the time being of the Railway 

Company, in the manner herein specified and limited and 
according to the Plans and Specifications hereto annexed, 
and which, for the purposes of identification, have been 
signed by the Contractor and the Secretary of the Railway 
Company and form part of this contract, and will, on or 

before the day of 

next (time being of the essence of the contract), finally com- 
plete and deliver to the Railway Company the following 
work, that is to say : 



it being understood that if anything has been omitted from 
or has been misstated, in the plans or specifications which 
is necessary for the proper performance and completion of 
any part of the work contracted for, the Contractor shall, 
at his own expense, execute the same as if it had been in- 
serted and properly described as the case may be, and the 
correction of any such error or omission shall not be deemed 
to be an addition to or a variation from the works hereby 
contracted for. 



CONTRACTS. 235 

(2) The Railway Company or its Engineer Ry. to 

shall appoint a representative of the Railway Company on representa- 
the work, and such representative, or any substitute, and tive. 

any assistant duly appointed by such representative or 
substitute shall, in this agreement and in the specifications, 
be referred to as "the Engineer." 

(3) The said work shall be commenced immediately after Commence- 
the execution of this agreement, and shall be proceeded me 

with continuously and diligently and under the personal 
supervision of the Contractor until completed. The work 
shall be carried on and prosecuted in all its several parts in 
such manner and at such times and at such points or places 
as the Engineer shall from time to time direct and to his 
satisfaction, but always according to the provisions of this 
agreement, and if no direction is given then in a careful, 
prompt and workmanlike manner according to this agree- 
ment. 

(4) This agreement shall not be assigned, nor shall the Assignment 
said work or any part thereof be sub-contracted without 

the written consent of the Engineer to every such assign- 
ment or sub-contract. 

(5) The Contractor will in all things conform to and Imperfect 
comply with the instructions of the Engineer. All work or wor * 
material which, in the opinion of the Engineer, is imperfect 

or insufficient shall be remedied when pointed out to the 
Contractor by the Engineer, and will be made good and 
sufficient by the Contractor at his own expense and to the 
satisfaction of the Engineer, who shall have the power, and 
whose duty it shall be, to have any defective work or mate- 
rial taken out and rebuilt or replaced at the expense of the 
Contractor. Any omission by the Engineer to disapprove 
of or reject any insufficient or imperfect work or material at 
the time of any estimate shall not be deemed an acceptance 
of such work or material. 

(6) The Contractor will not bring or permit to be brought Intoxicating 
anywhere, on or near the said work, any spirituous or intoxi- 1( l uors * 
eating liquors and if any foreman, laborer or other employee 

or contractor shall, in the opinion of the engineer, be intem- 
perate, disorderly, incompetent, wilfully negligent or dis- 
honest in the performance of his duties, he shall on the 
direction of the engineer, be forthwith discharged, and 
the Contractor shall not employ or permit to remain upon the 



236 



RAILROAD STRUCTURE AND ESTIMATES. 



Extra work. 



Stoppage of 
work and 
reduction of 
force. 



Additional 
force. 



work, any person who shall have been discharged from the 
said work for any or all of the said causes. 

(7) No extra work or material is to be allowed or paid for, 
excepting only upon a previous order in writing of the 
Engineer and any and all claims for extra work or material 
must be presented to the Engineer for allowance at the 
close of the month in which the same shall have been done 
or furnished and shall be included in the estimate for that 
month, otherwise all claims therefor shall be deemed abso- 
lutely waived by the Contractor, and the Railway Company 
shall not be required to allow or pay for the same, but may 
exercise its option concerning such payments. 

(8) Whenever in the opinion of the Engineer it is neces- 
sary or expedient for the Railway Company, that the said 
work or any portion of it should be stopped, or that the 
force employed thereon should be diminished, the Railway 
Company may stop such work or diminish such force, and 
upon being requested in writing to do so by the Railway 
Company, the Contractor shall stop the work or reduce the 
force, as the case may be, in accordance with such written 
request, and the Contractor shall have no claim for dam- 
ages by reason thereof. Such writing shall be signed by the 
Engineer and delivered to the Contractor or to some person 
on the work representing the Contractor at least thirty days 
previous to such required stoppage of work or reduction of 
force. 

(9) If at any time before the completion of this contract 
the Contractor shall not be progressing with the said work 
with sufficient diligence to satisfy the Engineer, or, in the 
opinion of the Engineer, with sufficient force to insure its 
progress and completion within the time or times required 
by this agreement, the Engineer may order and direct the 
Contractor to put on and employ such additional force and 
means as, in the judgment of the Engineer, shall be sufficient 
to complete the said work and each portion thereof within 
the specified time, and upon the refusal, failure or omission 
of the Contractor to comply with such order and directions 
within one week from the giving of the same, the Engineer 
may declare this contract abandoned by the Contractor, 
and, in that case, the moneys which may then remain 
unpaid, and which would otherwise be payable to the 
Contractor under this agreement, including the percentage 



CONTRACTS. 237 

retained on all estimates, may be kept, retained and appro- 
priated by the Railway Company, in its own right abso- 
lutely, and the Contractor shall have no claim to the said 
moneys or to any part thereof, and the Railway Company 
may employ such force and means as in the judgment of the 
Engineer or Engineer shall be necessary to com- 
plete said work and the cost and expenses connected there- 
with, and all damage suffered by the Railway Company by 
reason of such failure on the part of the contractor shall be 
charged to and be paid by the Contractor. 

(10) The Contractor shall promptly pay for all labor, Contractor 
services or material used in or about the construction of the ] a ko r 
work, and all payments for such purposes shall be made by promptly, 
the Contractor at least as often as payments are made by 

the Railway Company to the Contractor, and, in the event 
of failure by the Contractor at any time to do so, the Rail- 
way Company may retain from all moneys due or to become 
due to the Contractor such amount of moneys as the 

Engineer or the Engineer may deem sufficient 

to pay for the same or to secure the Railway Company from 
loss by such non-payment. Before final settlement is made 
between the parties hereto for work done and materials 
furnished under this contract, the Contractor shall and will 
produce and furnish evidence satisfactory to the Railway 
Company that the said work and any other property of the 
Railway Company upon which such work may have been 
constructed and all structures are free and clear from all 
liens for labor, workmanship, materials or otherwise and Liens, 
that no claim then exists in respect of which a lien upon the 
said work or property of the Company could or might 
attach. And the Contractor shall protect and hold harmless 
the Railway Company and all its property from any and all 
kinds of liens accruing for labor and services performed 
and material furnished or otherwise and any of the same in 
or about the said work. 

(11) The Contractor shall be at the risk of and shall Damage to 
bear all loss or damage whatsoever and from whatsoever work - 
cause arising which may occur on the work until the same 

be fully and finally completed, delivered to and accepted by 
the Railway Company, and if any loss or damage occur 
before such final completion, delivery to and acceptance by 
the Railway Company, the Contractor shall immediately, 



23s 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AXD ESTIMATES. 



Damage 
generally. 



Extension of 
tinie in case 
of stoppage. 



Total 
suspension. 



Damage by 
fire. 



at his own expense, repair, restore and re-execute the work 
so damaged or which may have been destroyed. 

(12) The Contractor and his agents, laborers and all 
others in his employ or under his control shall use due care 
that no person or property is injured or any rights infringed 
in the prosecution of the said work, and if any damage to 
any person or property occurs in or about the said work or 
if any right is infringed without any fault or negligence on 
the part of the Railway Company, any damages or compen- 
sation recoverable from the Railway Company in respect 
thereof shall be paid by the Contractor, and together with 
any costs or expenses incurred in adjusting the same may 
be deducted by the Railway Company from any moneys 
due to or to become due to the Contractor. 

(13) If there be any stoppage of the said work upon the 
written direction of the Railway Company, or if its progress 
be materially delayed by reason of any act or neglect of any 
of the Engineers, agents or employees of the Railway Com- 
pany the time herein specified for completing the said work 
shall be extended for a period equal to the time of such 
stoppage or delay, and the Contractor shall have no further 
or other claim therefor, or from anything arising therefrom 
or caused thereby. The right of the Contractor to such 
extension shall be deemed to have been waived unless a 
claim therefor, stating the occasion and nature thereof, 
shall be made by him in writing delivered to the Railway 
Company at the time of such stoppage or delay. 

(14) In case of a total suspension of all work under this 
agreement without any fault, default, collusion, or procure- 
ment of the Contractor for a longer period than 

days, unless such suspension shall have been 

caused by the winter season or protracted rigor of weather, 
it shall be the duty of the Engineer to make a final estimate 
of the work done according to the terms of this agreement 
and to make a return thereof to the Railway Company, 
when the amount found by the Engineer to be then due 
for work done, together with all percentage retained up to 
that time, except as herein otherwise provided, shall be paid 
to the Contractor. 

(15) Any damage by fire that may occur to buildings 
or structures during construction, must be made good by 
the Contractor, who must keep such structures fully insured 



CONTRACTS. 239 

until the same have been completed and accepted by the 
Railway Company. The operation or occupation by the 
Railway Company of- a portion of the work before the com- 
pletion of the whole, is not to be considered as an accept- 
ance of the same by the Railway Company. The premiums 
for fire insurance provided for herein shall be divided equally Insurance, 
between the parties hereto and the policies are to be in the 
names of both parties, the loss being made payable as their 
interests may appear and the policy or policies shall be 

deposited with the Engineer of the Railway 

Company. 

(16) In consideration of the faithful performance by the Ry. Co.'s 
Contractor of all and singular the covenants and agreements 
herein contained, the Railway Company hereby covenants 
and agrees with the Contractor that it will well and truly 
pay to him on the full completion by him of all the work 
embraced in this agreement, in the manner and within the 
time herein specified and limited for the completion thereof 

to the satisfaction and subject to acceptance by its 

Engineer, and subject also as herein provided the following 
sums and prices, namely: 



covenant to 



(17) In addition to the foregoing contract price the Price for 
Railway Company shall pay to the Contractor for extra extra work, 
work or for work done under written orders of the Engineer, 

not covered by this agreement but done in the proper exe- 
cution of this contract and for which prices are not named 
herein, the actual cost of such work, with an additional ten 
per cent upon the cost of labor and material for use of 
tools, contractor's plant, superintendence and profit. But 
such actual cost shall not exceed the reasonable market 
value of such labor and material as the case may be. 

(18) Approximate estimates of the work done under this Approximate 
contract are to be made at the end of each calendar month estimates - 
by the Engineer, and payments thereon shall be made by 

the Railway Company to the Contractor on or about the 
twentieth day of the next ensuing month, less all previous 
payments and less ten per cent of the amount of each and 
every such monthly estimate, which last mentioned per- 



240 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

centage may be retained by the Railway Company as an 
additional security for the performance of this contract by 
the Contractor until the same has been completely per- 
formed. 

Final (19) When, in the opinion of the , . .Engineer 

of the Railway Company this agreement has been com- 
pletely performed within the time herein provided, subject 
to the foregoing provision as to extension, he shall certify 
the same in writing under his hand with a final estimate of 
the work done by the Contractor and a statement of the 
amount due and unpaid, and the Railway Company shall, 
within sixty days after such completion, pay to the Con- 
tractor the full amount which shall be so found due including 
the percentage retained on former estimates as aforesaid, 
except as in this agreement is otherwise provided upon 
delivery by the Contractor to the Company, if required, 
of a good and valid release and discharge of and from any 
and all claims and demands for and in respect of all matters 
and things growing out of or connected with this contract 
or the subject matter thereof and of and from all claims 
and demands whatsoever. 
Alteration of (20) The right is hereby reserved by the Railway Com- 
work - pany at any time to change and alter in whole or in part as 

to it may seem expedient, the works embraced in this agree- 
ment, and any change or alteration of the works shall not 
affect the prices herein specified, nor shall any bill for extras 
or other charge or claim be made, allowed or paid by reason 
thereof or of any difference occasioned by such change or 
alteration in the quality, locality or nature of the work to 

be performed, but if the Engineer shall deem the 

change or alteration of the works to have materially affected 
the cost of doing the work he shall fix or determine the price 
to be paid either above or below, as the case may be, the 
prices hereinbefore provided to be paid for such work so as 
to do substantial justice to both parties. 
Contractor's (21) It is hereby declared and agreed to by the Con- 
information, tractor that this agreement is made and entered into by him 
for the consideration herein expressed solely on his own 
knowledge and upon information derived from sources other 
than the Railway Company, its officers or agents, of and 
respecting the nature and formation of the property upon 
which the said work is to be done, or the character, quan- 



CONTRACTS. 241 

tities or location of the material required to be removed, 
and that the Contractor does not rely upon any information 
given, or statement made, to him in connection with the 
said contract by the Railway Company or any of its officers 
or agents. 

(22) If the Contractor shall, at any time, fail, omit or Cancellation 
refuse to comply with or perform any of the provisions of ° contract - 
this agreement, which, on his part, are to be observed or 
performed, the Railway Company may cancel and annul 

this contract, in which event the Contractor shall have no 
claim or demand whatever upon or against the Railway 
Company for damages, or for compensation for work done, 
or material provided, or for any portion of the said percent- 
age retained on any estimate, and the Railway Company 
may take possession of and hold the said work and all mate- 
rials furnished under this agreement, and may retain and 
appropriate to its own use all moneys which may then be 
unpaid to the Contractor, including the said percentage, 
and the Railway Company shall be absolutely and forever 
released from all liability therefor to the Contractor. 

(23) In order to prevent disputes or misunderstandings Settlement 
between the parties hereto in relation to any of the stipula- ° lspu es * 
tions and provisions contained in this agreement, or the 

true intent and meaning thereof, or the manner of per- 
formance thereof, or of any part thereof by either of the 
said parties, and for the speedy settlement of such as may 

occur, the Engineer for the time being of the 

Railway Company shall be, and he hereby is, made, consti- 
tuted and appointed sole umpire to decide such questions 
and matters, including the amount and quantity, character 
and kind of work performed and materials furnished by the 
Contractor, and all extra work and material. The decisions 

of the Engineer, which may be given from time 

to time as the questions come up, shall be binding and 
conclusive upon both parties hereto. 

(24) Wherever, in this agreement, it is stipulated that 
anything shall be done or performed by either of the parties 
hereto it shall be assumed that such party has thereby 
entered into a covenant with the other party to do or per- 
form the same, and that such covenant is entered into, not 
only by, for, or on behalf of the parties hereto, but is also 
entered into by and on behalf of their respective executors, 



242 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



administrators, successors and assigns. And whenever this 
agreement is entered into by more than one person as par- 
ties of the first part the word " contractor " shall be read 
"contractors" and the pronouns referring to the contractor 
shall be read as plural; and whenever a corporation is the 
party of the first part the said pronouns shall be varied 
accordingly. 

In witness whereof the parties hereto have herewith caused 
these present to be signed and sealed on the day and year first 
above written. 



Signed, sealed and delivered by the 
Contractor in presence of 



Signature of Witness. 

Signed, sealed and delivered by the 
Railway Company in presence of 



Signature of Contractor. 



CONTRACTS. 243 

Preparation of Plans. — By establishing a uniform practice 
in the making and preparation of plans, etc., the subsequent labor 
and investigation, including the filing and keeping of records, are 
simplified for all concerned. 

Plan Sizes: — 

Sketch plans to attach to letters, agreements, etc., 8" X 10" 

and 8" X 13". 
Sketch plans for record books, 9" X 12" with 1" border. 
Structural plans, 18" X 24" with 1" border. 
Yard plans, 21" wide, length variable. 
Track profiles, 11" wide, length variable. 
Right of way and land plans, 21" to 30" wide, length variable. 
Right of way profiles, 11" wide, length variable. 

Drawing Material. — Use tracing cloth (working on dull side 
for all original drawings). Transparent profile paper for refer- 
ence profiles. Blueprints for working plans. Vandyke prints for 
duplicating originals. 

Working Lines. — Black full lines for all original structural 
work. For alterations and additions black full lines for present 
work, dotted black lines for work to be abandoned, full red lines 
for proposed new work, dotted red lines for future extension. 
All plans to be made to speak for themselves. 

Titles. — Titles and all lettering should be very plain and eligi- 
ble, without frills of any kind. Avoid notes as much as possible. 
All plans should be signed and dated. 

Blueprints. — In making blueprints, do not, unless absolutely 
necessary, go over figures or lettering with red color, as this 
makes the figures almost illegible. It is sufficient to draw the 
various lines in, or to go over the edging in red. 

Coloring Plans. — Satisfactory prints cannot be taken from 
plans which have had flat washes laid upon them. When it is 
necessary to use color, an edging only should be put on, and this 
edging should be kept just a shade from the boundary line. The 
boundaries will then show up clear when prints are made. 

Gamboge should never be used on tracings, as it runs after 
being put on. 

When it is necessary to put an edging of color on the blue part of 
a blueprint, the color will show up well if mixed with Chinese 
white. 



244 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Blue should not be used as an edging, except on rivers and 
lakes, in which case, the blue print plainly shows the edge of the 
water. 

Colors for Progress Profiles. — 

January Sepia. July Indian ink. 

February. . . . Indian red. August Chrome yellow. 

March Xeutral tint. September. .Cobalt blue. 

April Burnt sienna. October .... Vermilion. 

May Emerald green. November. .Violet carmine. 

June Carmine. December. .Hooker's green, Xo 1. 



Scales. — Location plans, alterations to location, also plans 
of completed railway way: — Scale 400' to the inch. (In prairie 
country, scale may be 1.000' to the inch.) Profiles, horizontal. 
400' to the inch; Vertical. 20' to the inch. 

Station Yard Plans: Scale 100' to the inch. Show all tracks 
in single lines. 

Railway Crossings or Junctions: Scale 100' to the inch. 

Highway Crossings: Standard and general structural plans, 
scale i" and I" to the foot generally. 

Details. Scale, variable. 

Sketches. Scale, variable. 

Railway Grade Crossings and Junctions for purposes of signal 
record on Diagram outlines, map be distorted so as to get in the 
information and to show the nature of the crossing more clearly. 



ESTIMATES. 



245 



Estimates. 

Estimates should be prepared by the Engineer to cover the cost 
of the entire work complete, ready for operating. 

The following summary and detailed lists will call to mind 
items that might otherwise be forgotten. 



SUMMARY ESTIMATES. 

Railway Company 

engineering department. 



Form No. F. 4g. 



Estimate of cost of line to 

Length: Main Track miles; Siding, etc miles; 

Total . . . miles. Based upon made 

190 by. . . Engineer under 

direction of 



Items. 



1. Bridges 

2. Buildings 

3. Culverts 

4. Crossings, Cattle Guards and Signs 

5. Expenses, General 

6. Fencing. . . .' 

7. Grading 

8. Interlocking 

9 . Masonry 

10. Miscellaneous 

11 . Real Estate 

12. Shops 

13. Signals 

14. Structures, General 

15. Timber Structures 

Track Material 

Turnouts 

Tools 

Tunnels 

Trestles 

Train Service 

Telephone 

Telegraph 

Yards 



Per Mile. 



16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

Expenses prior to this estimate 
Total Estimated Cost. . . . 



Total. 



Remarks : — 



246 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



DETAIL ESTIMATES. 

Railway Company. 

engineering department. 
Items to be Covered when Estimating the Cost of Railroads 



Form E. 4h 



Item. 



BRIDGES. 

Deck Plate Girder Spans . 
Half Plate Girder Spans. . , 
Through Plate Girder 

Spans 

Deck Riveted Trusses ... 
Through Riveted Trusses . 
Draw Deck Plate Spans . . 
Draw through Plate 

Spans 

Draw Deck Riveted Spans . 
Draw through Riveted 

Spans 

Floor System 

Iron in Floor 

Guards 

Watchman's Shanty on 

Draw , 

Semaphores for Draw. 

Signals and Lights 

False work 

Painting 

Howe Truss Deck Spans. . . 
Howe Truss through Spans 
Steel and Cast Iron 



BUILDINGS. 



Boiler House 

Boiler House Equipment. . 

Bunk House 

Charcoal House 

Engine House 

Engine House Equipment. 

Oil House 

Freight House 

Ice House 

Pump House 

Pump House Equipment. . 

Sand House 

Shelters 

Stations 

Station Wells. 

Furniture and Fixtures . . . 
Semaphores and Lights . . . 

Sheds 

Platforms 

Storehouse 

Scrap Iron Shed 

Thawing-out House 

Telegraph Office 

Watchman's Shanties 

Tool Houses 

Section Houses 

Privies 

General Office Building. . . 
Fixtures and Equipment. . 



Quan- 
tity. 



Cost. 



Item. 



CULVERTS. 

Tile Pipe 

Concrete Pipe 

Cast-iron Pipe 

Concrete Arch 

Concrete Rail 

Steel Rails in Concrete. 

Stone Arch 

Stone Box 

Wood Box 

Iron in Box 

Paving 

Riprap 

Piling 

Sheet Piling 

Iron in Piling 

Excavation 

Filling 



Quan- 
tity. 



Cost. 



CROSSINGS, CATTLE 
GUARDS AND SIGNS. 

Cattle Guards 

Road Crossings 

Farm Grade Crossings 

Farm Overhead Cross- 
ings 

Farm Under Crossings . . , 

Public Road Gates 

Electric Bell Protection.. 

Watchman's Towel* and 
Plant 

Farm Gates 

Sign Posts, etc 



EXPENSES (GENERAL). 

Interest and Commissions 

Expense of Corporations. 

Expense of Railway Com- 
mission 

Taxes, etc 

Legal Expenses 

Clerical Expenses 

Engineering Expenses.. . . 

Supervision and Contin- 
tingencies 

Supplies 

Outfits 

Other Expenditures 



FENCING. 
Wire Fence, Right 



of 



Way. 
Wood Fence, Snow, etc. 

Wood Fence, Yard 

Wood Fence, Station. . . 



ESTIMATES. 



247 



Detail Estimates — Continued. 



Item. 



GRADING. 



Clearing 

Grubbing 

Cutting Dangerous Trees. 

Cross Waying 

Solid Rock 

Loose Rock 

Excavation, Common 
Excavation, Borrow Pits. 
Excavation, extra haul. . . 

Riprap 

Slope Walls 

Retaining Walls 

Cribs 

Wing Dams 

Tile Drains 



INTERLOCKING. 



Tower 

Mechanism.'. 



MASONRY. 



Abutments 

Piers 

Retaining Walls . 

Excavation 

Filling 

Piles 

Sheet Piling 

Riprap 



Quan- 
tity. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Grain Elevators 

Storage Warehouse 

Storage, Freight 

Storage, Cold 

Dock and Wharves 

Miscellaneous Structures. 
Coal Storage Plant 



REAL ESTATE. 

Right of Way 

Station Grounds 

Terminal Grounds. . . . 
Damages to Property . 
Mining Claims 



SHOPS. 

Blacksmith Shop 

Car Repair Shop 

Transfer Table and Pit. . . 

Service Truck Pits 

Service Truck Turntables 
Miscellaneous Buildings. . 
Machinery and Tools .... 
Equipment and Fixtures. 
Power House 



Cost, 



Item. 



SIGNALS. 



Semaphores . 
Mechanism . 
Lights 



STRUCTURES. 



Turntable and Pit 

Drainage for Pit 

Ash Pit 

Drainage for Ash Pit . . 

Coaling Plant 

Water Tank 

Water Supply 

Standpipes 

Water Connections. . . . 
Gravity Water Supply. 

Wind Mills 

Dams 

Artesian Wells 

Track Scales 

Weigh Shelter 



TIMBER STRUCTURES. 



Timber Abutments. . 

Timber Piers 

Timber Caissons 

Timber Cribs 

Timber Coffer Dams. 

Timber Grillage 

Wrought Iron 

Cast Iron 



Quan- 
tity. 



TRACK MATERIAL, 
ETC. 



Rails 

Splices , 

Bolts and Nuts . 

Spikes , 

Tie Plates 

Rail Braces 

Anti Creepers. . . 

Ties 

Ballast 

Track Laying. . . 
Surfacing 



TURNOUTS. 

Stub Switch Turnouts. 
Split Switch Turnouts. 
Slip Switch Turnouts. . 

Cross Overs 

Diamond Crossings. . . . 
Switch Ties 



TOOLS. 
Track Tools 



Cost. 



248 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Detail Estimates — Continued. 



Item. 



TUNNELS. 

Excavation, Rock Section 

Excavation, Timber Sec- 
tion 

Excavation, Extra Sec- 
tion 

Timber Lining and Por- 
tals 

Masonry Lining and Por- 
tals 

Ventilation 

Drainage 



TRESTLES. 

Pile Trestle 

Frame Trestle 

Steel Trestle 

Excavation 

Masonry Foundations. . 
Cedar Sill Foundations 

Pile Foundation 

Wrought Iron 

Cast Iron 

Floor System 

Guards 

Fastenings 

Fire Protection 

Signals 



Quan- 
tity. 



Cost 



Item. 



TRAIN SERVICE. 

Raising Sags, etc 

Filling Trestles, etc 

Widening and Filling 

Banks 

General Service 

Transportation 

Freight 



TELEPHONE. 

Telephone Service. . 
Equipment 



TELEGRAPH. 



Poles and Wires . 

Erection 

Installation 



YARDS. 



Trackage 

Lighting 

Fire Service 

Water Service 

Steam, Air and Gas. 
Utility Buildings. . . 



Quan- 
tity. 



Cost. 



ESTIMATES. 249 



CHAPTER IX. 
ESTIMATING NOTES. 

Foundations. 

Excavation. — Excavation consists in digging out the ground 
to such depths as may be necessary for the foundations and depos- 
iting the same where directed and removing the surplus material 
off the premises. Excavation is paid for by the cubic yard, meas- 
urement made in excavation only. 

Approximate average cost. — 50 cents per cubic yard for ordinary 
ground to 5 feet in depth. 

Back Fill. — Back filling consists in replacing and compacting 
the ground around trenches after the walls are in place, and is 
usually paid for by the cubic yard. The same quantities allowed 
for excavation are usually estimated for back fill. 

Approximate average cost. — For ordinary back fill 10 cents per 
cubic yard. 

Labor. — A good laborer will dig and throw into barrow in a day 
of 10 hours: — 

Ordinary ground from 8 to 10 cubic yards. 

Stiff clay or firm gravel from 5 to 6 cubic yards. 

Hard ground (pick work) from 3 to 5 cubic yards. 

Weights, etc., of Material. — 

27 cubic feet one load. 

20 cubic feet sand 2000 pounds. 

22 cubic feet coarse gravel 2000 pounds. 

25 cubic feet stiff clay 2000 pounds. 

28 cubic feet chalk 2000 pounds. 

30 cubic feet earth 2000 pounds. 

Safe Bearing Power of Various Soils. — 

Tons persq. ft. 

Soft clay 1 

Dry clay in thick beds 4 

Ordinary clay and sand together in layers, wet 2 

Loam, clay, or fine sand, firm and dry 3 

Very fine, coarse sand, stiff gravel, or hard clay 4 

Solid rock will sustain load which can be put upon it. 



250 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 



Masonry. 

Masonry is estimated and paid for generally by the cubic 
yard, measured in place. The price is held to cover all material 
and labor. 

Approximate average cost. 

Dry rubble masonry $ 3.75 per cubic yard. 

Rubble masonry 7.00 per cubic yard. 

Rock-faced masonry 12.00 per cubic yard. 

Dry Rubble Masonry. — Dry rubble walls consist of good 
quarry stone laid dry upon the natural beds and roughly squared 
on joints, beds, and faces. 

Rubble Masonry. — Rubble walls are built of stone roughly 
squared and laid in irregular courses, having all voids in the heart 
of the wall thoroughly filled with suitable stone and spalls fully 
bedded in cement mortar. Face joints not more than 1 inch thick. 

Rock=faced Ashlar. — Rock-faced ashlar is generally desig- 
nated first-class masonry, and consists of large and w T ell-pro- 
portioned stone built in regular courses, with backing of well- 
shaped and large-sized stone roughly bedded and jointed, with 
all voids thoroughly filled with spalls, fully bedded in cement 
mortar, with coping stones, chamfers, and arrises neatly chisel 
dressed. 

Approximate cost of rubble masonry per , cubic yard, using 
1 to 3 Portland cement mortar. 

1 cubic yard stone delivered $1 . 25 

i barrel cement at $2.60 1 . 30 

^ load sand at SI 35 

£ dav's mason labor at S3. 30 1.10 

£ day's helper at $1.50 50 

$4.50 
Cut stone pier caps per cubic foot $1.75 to $2.25. 

Coffer=Dams. — Coffer-dams of timber are constructed so as 
to permit of the water being pumped out and the foundations 
laid dry, and is usually measured and paid for by the thousand 
feet board measure, the price to include all labor and material. 

Approximate cost per thousand feet board measure, $40. 

Cement. — A barrel of American hydraulic cement weighs on 
an average 300 pounds net and contains 3.6 cubic feet. 



ESTIMATING NOTES. 251 

A barrel of Portland cement weighs on an average 380 pounds 
net and contains 3.8 cubic feet, or 110 pounds per cubic foot. 

A bag contains 95 pounds, or four bags to the barrel. 

Concrete. — Concrete is usually paid for by the cubic yard 
measured in place. 

For one, three, and six concrete, one cubic yard requires one 
barrel cement, 1 cubic yard stone two and one-half inches, one- 
half cubic yard sand. 

Approximate cost of a cubic yard. 

1 barrel cement $2 . 60 

£'load sand at $1 per load 34 

1 cubic yard broken stone at $1.25 1 .25 

1 laborer 1 day 1 . 50 

1 helper \ day at $1 50 

Total $6.19 



Piling. 

Piles may be of oak, rock elm, Douglas fir, tamarack, cedar, or 
other approved timber, reasonably straight grained, sound, and 
free from defects. 

Standard dimensions for piling are as follows: 

Minimum length in feet 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, over 50 

Diameter in inches at small end 10, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 8, 8, over 7^ 

Butt diameter to be not less than 10 inches or more than 
20 inches at five feet from butt. All diameters measured inside 
the bark. 

Piles are generally sharpened and driven with the small end 
down, and capped when necessary with a suitable iron ring to 
prevent spreading or brooming while driving, and, if required, 
are shod with an iron shoe. 

Piles for bridges are driven until the fall of a hammer weigh- 
ing 2000 pounds, with a clear fall of 25 feet or an equivalent blow, 
causes a penetration not to exceed 10 inches under the last ten 
blows, or to such further limit as may be directed. 

.hmg. formula. P = ■= • 

AJ + 1 

P = Safe load on pile in tons. H= Distance of free fall of hammer in feet. 
W= Weight of hammer in tons. S= Penetration of pile for last blow in inches. 



252 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Piling broken in the driving is pulled out and another sound 
pile is driven in its place. 

Piles are driven vertically, unless otherwise shown on the 
plan. Batter piles are preferably driven at the batter shown on 
the plans or at a part of that batter, and then sprung over to 
proper position; no sawing of piles to make them spring should 
be allowed. 

When necessary to drive a great depth and piles of adequate 
length cannot be obtained, one is spliced on top of another. 
The first pile having been driven as far as practicable, it is cut 
off square to receive the following pile, which also must be 
squared and set on top of the one already driven. The piles are 
then squared on four sides and fastened together by spiking on 
pieces of scantling. ' . 

Piling is usually paid for under the heads of " Piling delivered " 
and " Piling driven." 

" Piling delivered " includes piling furnished by the contractor 
as ordered by the engineer, and is paid for by the lineal foot. 
Approximate average cost, 15 cents per foot. 

" Piling driven " is paid for at a specified rate per lineal foot 
in the finished structure, and includes all work of any kind in 
connection therewith. Approximate average cost, 10 to 15 cents 
per foot. 

The average cost of piling in place, including all labor and 
material, is 25 cents per foot. 

Rings are not usually paid for, but shoes are paid for at a 
specified rate per shoe. 



Sheet Piling. 

Sheet piles are cut at the end, so as to form a point at one side 
and not in the middle, and when driven, this point is kept next 
to the pile previously driven to insure contact. 

Where there are two or more rows of sheet piles they are 
driven with broken joints. 

Sheet piling is paid for at a specified price per thousand feet 
board measure left in the work. Approximate cost, $35 per 
thousand feet board measure. 



ESTIMATING NOTES. 253 

Riprapping. 

When required or ordered as protection against the action of 
water, riprapping is laid or placed on embankments, or about 
foundations, or at the ends of culverts or masonry piers or other 
places. 

The largest procurable stones are used, and the heaviest placed 
at the bottom where the current is greatest. They are laid as 
closely together as possible to avoid large openings. 

When required, a trench is excavated at the base of the slope 
to such depth as will insure a solid foundation. 

Riprapping is paid for at a specified rate per cubic yard in place. 

Approximate cost, $1.25 per cubic yard (rough). Approxi- 
mate cost, $3 per cubic yard (hand laid). 

Paving. 

The ends of masonry or concrete culverts, vitrified, concrete 
or iron pipe, the bottom of wooden culverts, and other places 
are protected by paving when desired. 

The paving is made of flat stones set upon their edges, the 
longest dimensions at right angles to the waterway, in such 
manner as to leave the least possible space between them, and of 
such size as to - reach through the entire depth of the paving. 

Great care must be taken at the ends of any piece of paving 
to make it secure, so it cannot be undermined or cut by water 
flowing underneath it. The lower end must receive special care 
to prevent this undermining. 

Paving is usually paid for at a specified rate per square or 
cubic yard. 

Approximate cost, $1.50 per square yard. 

Brickwork. 

Brickwork is usually measured and paid for by the 1000 (M) 
bricks laid in the wall, and sometimes by the cubic yard (assume 
550 bricks per cubic yard for estimating). 

Size of Brick. — Common vary from 7f " X 3f " X 2J" to 
8J" X W X 2\"', pressed brick, 8i"X4"X2i // (standard). 



254 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Oxe Day's Work of Bricklayer axd Laborer. 

Bricklayer. — High-class work, 200 to 400 bricks; house fronts, 
800 to 1000 bricks; ordinary work, 1000 to 1200 bricks. 

Laborer. - — A good man will mix mortar and carry it and 
bricks for three bricklayers if mortar and brick are not more 
than 25 feet from the building and he does not have to carry 
water or climb a ladder. After ascertaining the cost of laying 
1000 bricks for the first story add 5 per cent for second story, 
12^ per cent for third story, and a corresponding percentage for 
the work laid in higher stories. 

Mortar required to lay 1000 bricks: Joints \ to | inch thick, 
4 to 5 cubic feet; joints J inch thick, H to 2 cubic feet. 

Approximate cost of common brickwork per thousand brick, 
using 1 to 3 lime mortar: 

1000 brick $8 . 00 

3 bushels lump lime at 25 ets .75 

% cubic yard sand at $1 .50 

1 day bricklayer 3 . 50 

1 day laborer 1 . 50 

$14.25 

Approximate cost of common brickwork per thousand, using 
1 to 3 Portland cement mortar: 

1000 brick , $8.00 

H barrels Portland cement, $2.60 - 3 90 

§ load sand at $1 50 

1 day bricklayer 3.50 

1 day laborer 1-50 

$17.40 

Steel and Iron Work. 

The steel and iron work is usually fabricated in the shops and 
bought and paid for by the pound, either delivered on the works 
or erected complete. 

The weight of steel frames for shops and similar buildings is 
from five to ten pounds per square foot of exposed wall and roof 

surface. 

When provision has to be made for traveling cranes add 100 
pounds per lineal foot of building for each five tons in crane 
capacity. 



ESTIMATING NOTES. 255 

Approximate unit cost. 

Steel trusses, frames, and columns in place. 3| to 4£ cts. per pound. 

Steel beams in place 3 to 3J cts. per pound. 

Plain castings in place 1\ to 3 cts. per pound. 

Corrugated iron No. 22 (black) in place. ... 7 to 9 cts. per square foot. 

Corrugated iron No. 22 (galvanized) in place 9 to 12 cts. per square foot. 

Galvanized iron flashing in place 15 to 25 cts. per square foot. 

Stairs, iron, 3 feet wide, in place $7 to $10 each. 

Steel shutters, rolling, in place 75 cts. to $1.50 per square foot. 

Corrugated shutters, rolling, in place 50 cts. to $1 per square foot. 

Netting, wire, galvanized, in place 40 to 60 cts. per square foot. 

Railing, pipe, in place 75 cts. to $1 per lineal foot. 

Steel and Concrete Building. 

Steel Skeleton and Concrete Construction. — Twenty pounds 
steel for each square foot of floor. One and one-half pounds steel 
for each square foot of floor for reinforcing concrete slabs. 

Concrete averages 7 inches thick per square foot of floor, which 
will include fireproofing of columns, beams, and floor slabs. 

Forms. — Two feet board measure timber per square foot to 
do the form work for fireproofing. 

Approximate cost. 

Steel erected and painted $75.00 to $100.00 per ton. 

Concrete erected 45 cts. per cubic foot. 

Lumber erected $60 . 00 per 1000 ft. B. M. 

Total cost: — $1.19 to $1.25 per square foot steel skeleton and fireproofing. 

Reinforced Concrete Construction. — Seven pounds steel 
per square foot of floor. Eight cubic feet concrete per square foot 
of floor. Lumber, 3 J feet board measure per square foot of floor. 

Approximate cost. 

Steel erected in place $65 . 00 per ton. 

Concrete per cubic foot 60 cts. 

Lumber $70.00 per 1000 feet B.M. 

Reinforced concrete skeleton = 88 cts. to $1.25 

per square foot. 
Reinforced concrete partition costs about 30 cts. 

per square foot more than a hollow plaster 

partition. 
Building face walls, reinforced concrete: 

Concrete placed $ 5 . 50 per yard. 

Forms and carpentry work 10 . 00 

Runways and scaffolding 5 . 50 

Reinforcement .65 

Total cost $21 . 65 per yard in place. 

Reinforced concrete retaining walls $12 . 00 per yard in place. 

Concrete retaining walls 7 . 50 per yard in place. 

Concrete trestle piers 7 . 00 per yard in place. 

Engine and hammer foundations 6.00 to $7.00 per yard. 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 

Paint. 

Some railroads have their own standard color cards stating the 
shades to be adopted on the various structure- 

Ready-mixed paints are generally used. 

The cost of paint varies fron. II 25 to -Si. 75 per gallon. One 
gallon of paint will cover 50 square yards first coat. One gallon 
of paint will cover 60 square yards second coat One gallon of 
paint will cover 75 square yards third coat. The labor is about 
equivalent to the cost of the material. 



Timber. 

It is generally designated that all timber shall be well seasoned 
and reasonably free from knots, shakes, wanes, etc., and free from 
sap or other imperfections. 

Average weight per cubic foot, 40 pounds. 



ESTIMATING NOTES. 



257 





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ESTIMATING NOTES. 



259 



Wooden Beams. 

TABLE 56. — VALUES OF / (MOMENT OF INERTIA) AND S (SECTION 

MODULUS). 



Size, breadth 


Moment of 


Section modu- 


Size, breadth 


Moment of 


Section modu- 


by depth, 
inches. 


inertia, 
lis & <2 3 - 


lus, /-=-J d. 


by depth, 
inches. 


inertia, 

A b 3 d. 


lus, I — ^ d. 


2X2 






6X6 


108.00 


36.00 


2X3 


4.50 


3.00 


6X7 


171.50 


49.00 


2X4 


10.66 


5.33 


6X8 


256.00 


64.00 


2X5 


20.83 


8.33 


6X9 


364.50 


81.00 


2X6 


36.00 


12.00 


6X10 


500.00 


100.00 


2X7 


57.16 


16.33 


6X11 


665.50 


121.00 


2X8 


85.33 


21.33 


6X12 


864.00 


144.00 


2X9 


121.50 


27.00 


6X13 


1098.50 


169.00 


2X10 


166.66 


33.33 


6X14 


1372.00 


196.00 


2X11 


221.83 


40.33 


6X15 


1687.50 


225.00 


2X12 


288.00 


48.00 


6X16 


2048.00 


256.00 


3X3 
3X4 


6.75 
16.00 


4.50 
8.00 


6X17 
6X18 


2456.50 
2916.00 


289.00 
324.00 


3X5 


31.25 


12.50 








3X6 


54.00 


18.00 


7X7 


200.08 


57.16 


3X7 


85.75 


24.50 


7X8 


288.66 


74.66 


3X8 


128.00 


32.00 


7X9 


425.25 


94.50 


3X9 


182.25 


40.50 


7X10 


583.33 


116.66 


3X10 


250.00 


50.00 


7X11 


776.41 


141.16 


3X11 


332.75 


60.50 


7X12 


1008.00 


168.00 


3X12 


432.00 


72.00 


7X13 


1281.58 


197.17 


3X13 


549.25 


84.50 


7X14 


1600.66 


228.66 


3X14 


686.00 


98.00 


7X15 


1968.75 


262.50 








7X16 


2389.33 


298.66 


4X4 


21.33 


10.66 


7X17 


2865.91 


337.17 


4X5 


41.66 


16.66 


7X18 


3402.00 


378.00 


4X6 


72.00 


24.00 








4X7 

4X8 

4X9 

4X10 

4X11 


114.33 
170.66 
243.00 
333.33 
443.66 


32.66 
42.66 
54.00 
66.66 
80.66 


8X8 

8X9 

8X10 

8X11 

8X12 


341.33 
486.00 
666.66 
887.33 
1152.00 


85.33 
108.00 
133.33 
161.33 
192.00 


4X12 


576.00 


96.00 


8X13 


1464.66 


225.33 


4X13 


732.33 


112.66 


8X14 


1829.33 


261.33 


4X14 


914.66 


130.66 


8X15 


2250.00 


300.00 


4X15 


1125.00 


150.00 


8X16 


2730.67 


341.33 


4X16 


1365.33 


170.66 


8X17 


3275.33 


385.33 


5X5 


52.08 


20.83 


8X18 


3888.00 


432.00 


5X6 


90.00 


30.00 








5X7 


142.91 


40.83 


9X9 


546.75 


121.50 


5X8 


213.33 


53.33 


9X10 


750.00 


150.00 


5X9 


303.75 


67.50 


9X11 


998.25 


181.50 


5X10 


416.66 


83.33 


9X12 


1296.00 


216.00 


5X11 


554.58 


100.83 


9X13 


1647.75 


253.50 


5X12 


720.00 


120.00 


9X14 


2058.00 


294.00 


5X13 


915.41 


140.83 


9X15 


2531.25 


337.50 


5X14 


1143.33 


163.33 


9X16 


3072.00 


384.00 


5X15 


1406.25 


187.50 


9X17 


3684.75 


433.50 


5X16 


1706.66 


213.33 


9X18 


4374.00 


486.00 



260 



RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATES. 







TABLE 56. 


— Continued 






Size, breadth 


Moment of 


Section modu- 


Size, breadth 


Moment of 


Section modu- 


by depth, 
inches. 


inertia, 
j\ bd 3 . 


lus, I^r^d. 


by depth, 
inches. 


inertia. 
-h M 3 . 


lus, /-f-£d. 


10X10 


833.33 


166.66 


11X14 


2515.33 


359.33 


10X11 


1109.17 


201.67 


11X15 


3093.75 


412.50 


10X12 


1440.00 


240.00 


11X16 


3754.67 


469.33 


10X13 


1830.83 


281.67 


11X17 


4503.58 


529.83 


10X14 


2286.66 


326.67 


11X18 


5346.00 


594.00 


10X15 


2812.50 


375.00 








10X16 


3413.33 


426.27 


12X12 


1728 


288 


10X17 


4094.17 


481.67 


12X13 


2197 


388 


10X18 


4860.00 


540.00 


12X14 


2744 


392 








12X15 


3375 


450 


11X11 


1220.08 


221.83 


12X16 


4096 


512 


11X12 


1584.00 


264.00 


12X17 


4913 


578 


11X13 


2013.92 


309.84 


12X18 


5832 


648 



Carpentry. 

Carpentry includes all of the rough lumber such as the framing 
and covering, studding, sheathing, flooring, siding, posts and 
beams, plaster grounds, bridging, etc. 

Joinery includes all the exterior and interior finish after the 
carpentry work-is done, such as window frames, doors, sashes, 
bases, architraves, paneling, wainscoting, stairs, etc., most of 
which is obtained from the mill, and is often termed the mill 
work. 

Board Measure. — One foot board measure (B. M.) is equal 
to one foot square and one inch thick. Lumber is usually 
measured and sold by the thousand (M) feet board measure 
(B. M.). 

Example. — The number of feet board measure in a plank 
3"X12"X24' long = 24 square feet X 3" = 72 feet B. M. 

Approximate cost of 1000 feet B. M. lumber: 

1000 feet lumber S18.00 

Nails and spikes, 33 pounds at 3 cts 1 . 00 

Labor (50% cost of material) 9 . 00 

Cost per M feet B. M $28.00 

Spruce lumber in place on floor or roof, per M 30 . 00 

Pine matched in place on floor or roof, per M 40.00 

Pine joist and purlins on roof or floor, per M 35.00 

Joinery is usually estimated by the running or square foot. 



ESTIMATING NOTES. 261 

Approximate cost of joinery: 

Door frames and doors in place, 50 cents per square foot. 
Window frames and sash in place, 50 cents per square foot. 
Sash glazed and painted, 20 to 30 cents per square foot. 
Louver ventilators, fixed, 50 to 75 cents per square foot. 
Louver ventilators, moving, 75 cents to $1 per square foot. 
Stairs in place, $3 per step 3 feet long. 
Picture molding, 5 cents per lineal foot. 
Winter sash and frame, 30 cents per square foot. 

Roofing, etc. 

Roofing is usually measured and paid for by the square of 
100 square feet (10 feet by 10 feet). 

Tar and Gravel. — Ordinary 3-ply on 1-inch boards weighs 
about 10 pounds per square foot. Trinidad pitch averages 
3^ gallons per square. Gravel washed averages 350 pounds per 
square, or 3 cubic feet. Roofing cement averages 100 pounds per 
square. 

Slate. — Ordinary slate on 1-inch boards weighs about 14 
pounds per square foot. Laid 7 inches to the weather 10"X20" 
slates =210 slates per square; 420 roofing nails If inches long, or 
1\ pounds per square. Laid 8£ inches to the weather 10"X20" 
slates =180 slates per square; 360 roofing nails If inches long, 
or 1\ pounds per square. 

Gutter and conductor in place 25 to 50 cts. per lineal foot. 

Skylights, \ inch thick glass 25 cts. per square foot. 

Skylights, translucent fabric. 20 cts. per square foot. 

Round ventilators, fixed $10 . 00 to $15 . 00 each. 

Round ventilators, revolving 30.00 to 50.00 each. 

Slate roof, not including boards 7.00 to 12.00 per square. 

Slag and gravel roof, not including boards .. 4.00 to 5.00 per square. 
Prepared composition roof, not including 

boards 2 . 00 to 3 . 00 per square. 

Wood shingle roof, not including boards 3.00 to 5.00 per square. 

Tin-plate roof, not including boards 7.00 to 12.00 per square. 

Corrugated iron roof, not including boards . . 7.00 to 10.00 per square. 

Shingles. — Shingles are usually measured and paid for by 
the square of 100 square feet (10'XlO') and are commonly laid 
4, 4$, and 5 inches to the weather. 

Size generally 4 inches wide by 18 inches to 20 inches long. 



262 RAILROAD STRUCTURES AND ESTIMATE.-. 

Approximate number required per square (100 square feet): 

Four inches to the weather. 900: 4J inches to the weather, 800: 
5 inches to the weather. 725. 

The bottom row is always doubled, and to the above should be 
added 5 per cent to 10 per cent to allow for this, and to include 
waste and cutting at dormers, ridges, etc. 

All shingles which are seasoned should be laid one-fourth to 
three-eighths inch apart so as to allow room for swelling during 
wet weather. 

Green shingles should be laid almost close together. 

Shingle nails H inches long, use one-half pound per 100 shingles. 

Plaster. 

Plastering is usually measured and paid for by the square 
yard: cornices and moldings by the running foot and an extra 
price for each miter. 

Two-coat work requires for 100 yards plastering 1400 laths. 
4^ bushels of lime, four-fifths of a cubic yard of sand, 9 pounds 
of haii\ and 5 pounds of nails. 

Three men and one helper will put on 450 yards in a day's 
work of two-coat work, and will put on a hard finish for 300 
yards. 

A load of mortar measures one cubic yard, requires one cubic 
yard of sand and nine bushels of lime, and will fill 30 hods. 

A bushel of hair weighs, when dry, about 15 pounds. 



INDEX. 



A PAGE 

Abutments — 

bridge 61 

crib 83 

Air plant, cold 142 

Angle bars 6 

Arch culverts 48 

Artificial ice making 138 

Ash pits 157 

B 

Backfill 249 

Balanced bucket coaling plant. 149 

Ballasting 11 

Ballast sections 14 

Bars, angle 6 

Belt conveyor 149 

Blacksmith shop 210 

Boat spikes 9 

Boilers 182 

Boiler houses 127 

Bolts and nuts, track 6 

Box culverts 52 

Braces, rail 13 

Brickwork 253 

Bridge — - 

abutments 61 

dead load 55 

live load 55 

piers 63 

Bridges — 

deck plate 53 

deck trusses 54 

draw 54 

half deck plate 53 

through trusses 54 

Bridge warning 38 

Buildings — 

blacksmith 210 

boiler houses 127 

cabinet 210 

car machine 211 



PAGE 

Buildings — continued 

car truck 211 

dry kilns 211 

engine houses 108 

foundry 212 

freight, 212 

frog 213 

ice houses 135 

locomotive 213 

oil houses 132 

passenger 214 

pattern 215 

planing mill 215 

power house 215 

pump houses 196 

sand houses 162 

section houses 92 

storehouses 129 

stores 217 

tool houses 87 

wheel foundry 217 

C 

Cabinet shop 210 

Cable railway 154 

Capacity of pumps , . 186 

Car machine shop 211 

Carpentry 260 

Car truck shop 211 

Cast-iron pipe culverts 47 

Cattle guards 41 

Cedar box culverts 52 

Cement 250 

Cinder ballasting 11 

Clearance posts 37 

Clearing 16 

Coaling stations 144 

Coal storage 154 

Coffer-dams 250 

Cold air refrigeration 140 

Cold storage 140 

263 



264 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Concrete 251 

Concrete arch culverts 47 

Concrete pipe culverts 46 

Contracts 228 

Conveyor, belt 149 

Cost of — 

ash pits 157 

ballasting 11 

boiler houses 127 

boilers 178 

bolts and nuts 7 

brickwork 253 

carpentry 260 

cast-iron pipe culverts 47 

cattle guards 41 

cedar box culverts 52 

clearing 16 

coaling stations 144 

cold air plant 142 

cold storage 142 

concrete 251 

concrete arch culverts 4S 

concrete pipe culverts 46 

cranes 209 

crib abutments S3 

cribs S2 

crossovers 23 

crosswaying 15 

dams 205 

deck plate bridges 56 

deck trusses 

diamond crossing 25 

drawbridges 60 

engine houses 108 

equipment 208 

farm crossings 40 

fencing 26 

foundations 240 

freight sheds 104 

frogs 22 

gates 30 

grade crossings 40 

grading 15 

grubbing 16 

half deck plate bridges 75 

heating engine houses 120 

highway alarm bell 34 

Howe truss bridges 71 

ice houses 135 

ice making 13 s * 

interlocking 25 



PAGE 

Cost of — continued 

laying and surfacing 23 

loose rock 15 

mail cranes 39 

masonry 250 

oil houses 132 

overhaul 15 

overhead bridges 73 

paint 

paving 106, 253 

piling 251 

pipes 184 

plaster 262 

platform shelters 97 

platforms 103 

privies 94 

pump houses 196 

pumps 17S 

pumping water 179 

rail braces 13 

rail concrete culverts 50 

rail joints 6 

rails 4 

retaining walls SO 

riprapping 253 

roofing 261 

sand houses 162 

section houses 92 

shelter stations 96 

shops _ - 

sign boards and posts 35 

snow sheds. . <■ 170 

solid rock 15 

spikes 9 

standpipes 201 

stands, lamps, rods, etc 22 

station furniture 102 

stations 

steam, air. and water pipes . 119 

steel and concrete 255 

steel and iron work 2 5 1 

steel trestles 

stock yards 167 

stone box culverts. 51 

storehouses 129 

subways 75 

- irfacing 11 

switches 22 

itch ties 21 

tanks 199 

through trusses 59 



INDEX. 



265 



PAGE 

Cost of — continued 

tie plates 12 

ties 10 

tile drains 15 

tile pipe culverts 44 

timber trestles 68 

tool equipment . . . 90 

tool houses 87 

track above subgrade 13 

track laying 12 

track scales 165 

track tanks 206 

trees removed 16 

tunnels 84 

turnouts * . . . 21 

turntables 172 

watchman's shelter. : 91 

water stations 174 

wiring engine houses 116 

Crane, locomotive 151 

Crib abutments 83 

Cribs 81 

Crossing gates 30 

Crossing highway alarm bell. . . 34 

Crossovers 21 

Crosswaying 15 

Culvert number 37 

Culverts 43 

D 

Dams 203 

Dead load (bridges) 55 

Deck plate bridges 53 

Deck trusses 54 

Deep ash pit 158 

Detail estimates 246 

Diamond crossing 25 

Drains, tile 15 

Drawbridges 54 

Drop pits 114 

Dry kilns 211 

Dry rubble 250 

Dump and hoist ash pits 161 

E 

Electric lights, engine houses. . 116 

Electric traveling cranes 209 

Elevated chutes 152 

Elevation posts 37 



PAGE 

Engine — 

houses 108 

pits 114 

Equipment, tool 290 

Estimates 45 

Estimates of — 

bridge abutments 62 

bridge piers '. 63 

cast-iron pipes 47 

cedar box culverts 52 

cold storage 142 

concrete arch culverts - . 48 

concrete pipes 46 

crib abutments 83 

cribs 82 

dams 205 

engine houses 124 

fences, right of way 27 

ice houses 137 

ice making 138 

oil houses 134 

overhead bridges 75 

privies 94 

rail concrete culverts 50 

retaining walls 77 

sand houses 164 

section houses 93 

standpipes 202 

steel bridges 56 

steel trestles 70 

stone box culverts 51 

storehouses 131 

subways 73 

tile pipes 44 

timber trestles 68 

tool houses 89 

track scales 166 

tunnels 84 

turntables 173 

watchman's shelter 91 

water tanks 200 

wooden bridges 71 

Estimating culvert pipe 44 

Estimating notes 249 

Excavation 249 



F 



Farm — 
crossings 
gates . . . 



40 
33 



266 



IXDEX. 



PAGE 

Fastenings — 

bolts and nuts 6 

splices 5 

spikes 8 

track 5 

Fence — 

close board 2S 

field-erected wire 27 

open board 29 

picket 28 

portable 29 

snow 28 

wire 26 

woven-wire 27 

Flanger post 35 

Forms 219 

Foundations 249 

Foundry shop 212 

Frame trestles 66 

Freight — 

car shop 212 

platforms 103 

sheds 104 

Friction water 190 

Froes 18 

Frog shop 213 

Furniture, station 102 

G 

Gates — 

crossing 30 

steel 34 

wood 33 

Grade crossings 30 

Grading 15 

Grain loading platforms 103 

Gravel — 

ballasting 11 

loading 11 

Grubbing 16 

Guards — 

bridge and trestle 76 

cattle 41 

H 

Half deck plate bridges 53 

Hand shoveling, coal 144 

Heating engine houses 120 

Highway — 

alarm bell crossing: 34 



PAGE 

Highway — continued 

crossings 73 

Horsepower, water 192 

Houses — 

boiler 127 

cold storage 142 

engine 1 08 

freight 104 

ice 135 

oil 132 

privies 94 

pump 196 

sand 162 

section 92 

station 

storehouses 129 

tank '. ... 197 

tool 87 

watchman's 91 

Howe trusses 71 

I 

Ice houses 135 

Ice making 13 s * 

Ice plant 142 

Interlocking plant 25 

J 

Jacks, smoke 115 

Jib crane and buckets 144 

Joints — 

lead and yarn 46 

mortar 45 

Jordan guard 76 

L 

Lamps, switch 22 

Lap switch 17 

Laying and surfacing track. ... 11 

Live load (bridges) 55 

Locomotive — 

crane 151 

shop 213 

turntables 172 

M 

Mail crane 39 

Maintenance interlocking plant 25 

Masonry, cost of SO, 250 

Masonry retaining walls 78 



INDEX. 



267 



PAGE 

Material — 

ballasting 11 

board fences 30 

surfacing. . . ; 11 

tie plates 12 

track, bolts and nuts 7 

track, rail 4 

track, spikes 9 

track, splices 6 

track, ties 10 

Material for safety gates 31 

McHenry coaling plants 145 

Mechanical ash plants 159 

Metal cattle guards 42 

Mile — 

board 36 

post 36 

O 

Offices (shop) , 214 

Oil houses 132 

Ord ash pit 161 

Overhaul 15 

Overhead — 

farm crossings 40 

highway crossings 73 

P 

Paint 256 

Passenger car shop 214 

Pattern — 

shop 215 

storage 215 

Paving — 

. culverts 253 

teamways 106 

Permanent open board fence. . 29 

Picket fence 28 

Piers, bridge 63 

Pile trestles 66 

Piling 251 

Pipe culverts — 

cast-iron 47 

concrete 46 

tile 44 

Pipes — 

cast-iron 184 

wrought-iron 185 

Pit cattle guards 41 



PAGE 

Pits — 

ash 157 

drop 114 

engine 114 

truck wheel 114 

Planing mill 215 

Plants — 

coaling 144 

coal storage 154 

Plaster 262 

Plate bridges 53 

Plates, tie 17 

Platform shelters 92 

Platforms, freight 103 

Portable fence 29 

Power house 215 

Power house equipment 209 

Preparation of plans. 243 

Pressure (head) 188 

Privies 94 

Proposals 227 

Pumps 175 

Pump houses 196 



Q 

Quantity — 

ballasting per mile 11 

bolts and nuts per mile 7 

fencing per mile 26 

rail per mile 4 

spikes per mile 9 

ties per mile. 10 

Quantities — 

bridge abutments 62 

bridge piers 63 

dams 205 

Howe trusses 71 

privies 94 

retaining walls 77 

sand houses 164 

section houses 93 

standpipes 202 

steel trestles 70 

timber trestles 68 

tool houses 89 

track scales 166 

turntable pits 173 

watchman's shelter 91 

water tanks 200 



268 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

R 

Rail — 

braces 13 

concrete culverts 50 

joints 6 

rack 38 

Rails 3 

Railway — 

cable 1 54 

crossing signs 35 

Refrigeration 140 

Reinforced concrete 255 

Retaining walls 78 

Right of way fences 26 

Riprapping 253 

Rock-faced ashlar 250 

Roofing 261 

Rubble masonry 250 

S 

Safe bearing of soils 249 

Safety crossing gates 30 

Sand houses 162 

Scales, track 165 

Section — 

houses 92 

post 36 

Sections, ballast 14 

Shallow ash pit 157 

Sheds, freight 104 

Sheet piling r 252 

Shelter — 

station 96 

watchman's 91 

Shops — 

blacksmith 210 

cabinet 210 

car machine 211 

car truck 211 

dry kiln 211 

foundry 212 

freight car 212 

frog 213 

locomotive 213 

passenger car 214 

pattern 214 

power 214 

stores 217 

wheel foundry 217 

Shop traveling cranes 209 

Sign boards and posts 35 



page 

Single track coaling plant 145 

Slip switch 18 

Slow signal post 38 

Smoke jacks 115 

Snow — 

fence 28 

sheds 170 

Specifications 219 

Spikes — 

boat 9 

shimming 8 

track 8 

Splices, track rail 5 

Split switch 17 

Standard tool houses . . 89 

Standpipes 201 

Stands, switch '. ... 18 

Station furniture 102 

Station mile board 36 

Stations 98 

coal 144 

water 174 

Steam, air, and water pipes. . . 117 

Steam cranes 209 

Steel and concrete . . 255 

Steel and iron work 254 

Steel — 

gate 34 

trestles. . 70 

Stock yards 167 

Stone box culverts 51 

Stop signal post., 38 

Storage, cold 140 

Stores, shop 217 

Storehouses 129 

Stub switch 18 

Subways 73 

Surfacing 11 

Swing board gate . 33 

Swing wire gate 33 

Switch tics i 24 

Switches 17 

T 

Tanks — - 

track '... 206 

water 197 

Telephone (shops) 208 

Through trusses 54 

Tile drains 15 

Tie plates 12 



INDEX. 



269 



PAGE 

Ties — 

switch 24 

track 10 

Tile drains 15 

Tile pipe culverts 44 

Timber 256 

Timber trestles 68 

Tool — 

equipment 90 

houses 87 

Towers, coal 154 

Track — 

bolts 6 

rail. 3 

splices 5 

Track above subgrade 13 

Track laying 12 

Track scales 165 

Traveling bridge, coal 155 

Traveling cranes 209 

Trees, removed 16 

Trespass sign 37 

Trestles — 

steel 70 

timber 66 

Trestle number 37 

Truck wheel pits 114 

Truss bridges 54 

Tunnels 84 

Turnouts 17 

Turntables 172 

Table No. — 

1. Quantity and cost of rails 

per mile 4 

2. Quantity and cost of 

joints per mile 6 

3. Quantity and cost of bolts 

per mile 7 

4. Quantity and cost of spikes 

per mile 9 

5. Quantity and cost of ties 

per mile 10 

6. Quantity and cost of bal- 

lasting, etc 11 

7. Quantity and cost of track 

above subgrade 13 

8. Average cost of turnouts . . 21 

9. Detail cost of turnouts 

21, 22, 23 

10. Detail cost of crossovers. . 23 

10a. Switch ties 24 



Table 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 

18a 
19. 

20. 

21. 
22. 
23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 
32. 
33. 

34. 

35. 

36. 

37. 

38. 
39. 

40. 
41. 



PAGE 

No. — continued 

Fencing per mile 26, 27 

Safety gates 31 

Length culvert pipes .... 43 

Capacity of pipes 44 

Cost tile pipe 44 

Mortar for pipe joints. . . 45 
Cost of concrete pipes ... 46 
Lead and yarn for pipe 

joints 46 

Cost cast iron pipe 47 

Cost concrete arch cul- 
verts 48,49 

Cost rail concrete cul- 
verts 50 

Cost stone box culverts . . 51 
Cost cedar box culverts . . 52 
Weight and cost deck 

plate girders 56 

Weight and cost half 

deck plate girders .... 57 
Weight and cost deck 

trusses 58 

Weight and cost through 

trusses 59 

Weight and cost draw- 
bridges 60 

Quantities in abutments, 

deck bridges 62 

Quantities in abutments, 

half deck bridges 62 

Quantities in abutments, 
through bridges ...... 62 

Quantities in piers 63 

Quantities in piers 64 

Quantities and cost pile 

trestle 68 

Quantities and cost pile 

trestle 68 

Quantities and cost frame 

trestle 69 

Quantities and cost Howe 

trusses 71 

Quantities in retaining 

walls 77 

Cost of tunneling 86 

Cost of pumps and boil- 
ers 178 

Cost of gasoline pumps. . 179 
Cost of cast iron pipes ... 184 



270 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Table No. — continued 

42. Cost of wrought iron 

pipes 185 

43. Capacity of pumps 186 

44. Feet head pressure 189 

45. Friction in pipes 190 

45a. Friction in elbows 191 

46. Theoretical horsepower. . 192 

47. Steam pressure 193 

48. Water by weight and 

measure 194 

48a. Gallons per foot of pipe . 195 

49. Cost of water tanks 199 

50. Cost of shops 208 

51. Power house equipment . 209 

52. Electric traveling cranes 209 

53. Steam cranes 209 

54. Timber unit stresses .... 257 

55. Timber unit stresses .... 258 

56. Section modulus wood 

beams 259 

W 

Walls, retaining 78 

Warning, bridge 38 



PAGE 

Watchman's shelter 91 

Water — 

information 194 

service 183 

stations 174 

Weight — 

deck plate bridges 56 

deck trusses 58 

drawbridges 60 

half deck plate bridges 57 

through trusses 59 

Weights of material 249 

Wheel foundry 217 

Whistle post 36 

Wing post sign 35 

Wire fence 26 

Wood — 

cattle guards 41 

gates 33 

snow fence 28 

Wooden beams 259 

Y 

Yard lift steam cranes 209 

Yard limit post 86 

Yards, stock 167 



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* Dyer's Handbook of Light Artillery i2mo, 

Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 

* Fiebeger's Text-book on Field Fortification Large nmo, 

Hamilton and Bond's The Gunner's Catechism i8mo, 

* Hoff 's Elementary Naval Tactics 8vo, 

Ingalls's Handbook of Problems in Direct Fire 8vo, 

* Lissak's Ordnance and Gunnery 8vo, 

* Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, 

* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. .8vo, each, 

* Mahan's Permanent Fortifications. (Mercur.) 8vo, half mor. 

Manual for Courts-martial i6mo, mor. 

* Mercur's Attack of Fortified Places i2mo, 

* Elements of the Art of War 8vo, 

Metcalf's Cost of Manufactures — And the Administration of Workshops. .8vo, 

* Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 vols Text i2mo, Plates atlas form 

Nixon's Adjutants' Manual 24mo, 

Peabody's Naval Architecture 8vo, 

* Phelps's Practical Marine Surveying 8vo, 

Powell's Army Officer's Examiner i2mo, 

Sharpe's Art of Subsisting Armies in War i8mo, mor. 

* Tupes and Poole's Manual of Bayonet Exercises and Musketry Fencing. 

24mo, leather, 

* Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 

Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene iomo, 



ASSAYING. 

Betts's Lead Refining by Electrolysis 8vo, 4 00 

Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Blowpipe. 

i6mo, mor. 

Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 

Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments. . . .8vo, 

Low's Technical Methods of Ore Analysis 8vo, 

Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, 

Manual of Assaying i2mo, 

Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.) i2mo, 

O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores . . . 8vo, 

Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying : 8vo, 

Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) .8vo, 

Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 

Wilson's Chlorination Process i2mo, 

Cyanide Processes, i2mo, 



ASTRONOMY. 

Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 

Craig's Azimuth 4T.0, 

Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 

Doolittle's Treatise on Practical Astronomy 8vo, 

Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo, 

Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 

Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 

* Michie and Harlow's Practical Astronomy 8vo, 

Rust's Ex-meridian Altitude, Azimuth and Star-Finding Tables. (In Press.) 

* White's Elements of Theoretical and Descriptive Astronomy i2mo, 2 00 

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CHEMISTRY. 

Abderhalden's Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures. (Eall and Defren). 
(In Press.) 

* Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, (von Ende.) nmo, i 25 

Adriance's Laboratory Calculations and Specific Gravity Tables i2mo, 1 25 

Alexeyeff's General Principles of Organic Syntheses. (.Matthews.; 8vo, 3 00 

Allen's Tables for Iron Analysis 8vo, 3 00 

Arnold's Compendium of Chemistry. (Mandel.) Large i2mo, 3 50 

Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments, Hartford 

Meeting, 1906 8vo, 3 00 

Jamestown Meeting, 1907 8vo, 3 00 

Austen's Notes for Chemical Students nmo, 1 50 

Baskerville's Chemical Elements. (In Preparation - . 

Bernadou's Smokeless Powder. — Nitro-cellulose, and Theory of the Cellulose 

Molecule nmo, 2 50 

* Blanchard's Synthetic InorganJc Chemistry nmo, 1 00 

* Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, 1 50 

Brush and Penfield's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy 8vo, 4 00 

* Claassen's Beet-sugar Manufacture. I Hall and Rolfe. 8vo, 3 00 

Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.). .8vo, 3 00 

Cohn's Indicators and Test-papers nmo, 2 00 

Tests and Reagents 8vo, 3 00 

* Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.'i nmo,' 1 25 

Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 4 00 

Eakle's Mineral Tables for the Determination of Minerals by their Physical 

Properties 8vo, 1 25 

Eissler's Modern High Explosives 8vo, 4 00 

Effront's Enzymes and their Applications. (Prescott.) 8vO; 3 00 

Erdmann's Introduction to Chemical Preparations. (Dunlap.~> nmo, 1 25 

* Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation Large i2mo, 2 00 

Fletcher's Practical Instructions in Quantitative Assaying with the Elowpipe. 

nmo, mor. 1 50 

Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses nmo, 2 00 

Fresenius's Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Wells. ^ 8vo, 5 00 

Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. Part I. Descriptive. 1 Wells.) 8vo, 3 00 

Quantitative Chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) 2 vols 8vo, 12 50 

When Sold Separately, VoL I, S6. VoL H, S8. 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health nmo, 1 50 

Furman's Manual of Practical Assaying 8vo, 3 00 

* Getman's Exercises in Physical Chemistry .' nmo, 2 00 

Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers nmo, 1 25 

* Gooch and Browning's Outlines of Qualitative Chemical Analysis. 

Large nmo, 1 25 

Grotenfelt's Principles of Modern Dairy Practice. (Woll."* nmo, 2 00 

Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall) nmo, 125 

Hammarsten's Text-book of Physiological Chemistry. (Mandel.) 8vo, 4 00 

Hanausek's Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton.) 8vo, 5 00 

* Haskins and Macleod's Organic Chemistry i2mo, 2 00 

Helm's Principles of Mathematical Chemistry. (Morgan.) nmo, 1 50 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. 2 50 

* Herrick's Denatured or Industrial Alcohol 8vo, 4 00 

Hinds's Inorganic Chemistry 8vo, 3 00 

* Laboratory Manual for Students nmo, 1 00 

* Holleman's Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry for Beginners. 

(Walker.) nmo, 1 00 

Text-book of Inorganic Chemistry. (Cooper. ) 8vo, 2 50 

Text-book of Organic Chemistry. (Walker and Mott.) 8vo, 2 50 

Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments , and Varnishes. 

Large nmo 2 50 
4 



Hopkins's Oil-chemists' Handbook : . 8vo, 3 00 

Iddings's Rock Minerals 8vo , 5 00 

Jackson's Directions for Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. .8vo, 1 23 
Johannsen's Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections.. .8vo, 4 00 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

Ladd's Manual of Quantitative Chemical Analysis i2mo, 1 00 

i^andauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 3 00 

* .Langworthy and Austen's Occurrence of Aluminium in Vegetable Prod- 

* ucts, Animal Products, and Natural Waters 8vo, 2 00 

Lassar-Cohn's Apphcation of Some General Reactions to Investigations in 

Organic Chemistry. (Tingle.) 121110, 1 00 

Leach's Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 

Control 8vo, 

Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 

Lodge's Notes on Assaying and Metallurgical Laboratory Experiments. .. .8vo, 

Low's Technical Method of Ore Analysis 8vo, 

Lunge's Techno-chemical Analysis. (Cohn.) i2mo 

* McKay and Larsen's Principles and Practice of Butter-making 8vo, 

Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles i2mo, 

Mandel's Handbook for Bio-chemical Laboratory nmo, 

* Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe . . nmo, 
Mason's Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological.). . . .nmo, 

Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 

8vo, 

Matthews's The Textile Fibres. 2d Edition, Rewritten 8vo, 

Meyer's Determination of Radicles in Carbon Compounds. (Tingle.). . nmo, 
Miller's Cyanide Process. . . . , nmo, 

Manual of Assaying . nmo, 

Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.). . . . nmo, 

Mixter's Elementary Text-book of Chemistry nmo, 

Morgan's Elements of Physical Chemistry nmo, 

Outline of the Theory of Solutions and its Results nmo, 

* Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers nmo, 

Morse's Calculations used in Cane-sugar Factories i6mo, mor. 

* Muir's History of Chemical Theories and Laws 8vo, 

Mulliken's General Method for the Identification of Pure Organic Compounds. 

Vol. I Large 8vo, 

O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 

Ostwald's Conversations on Chemistry. Part One. (Ramsey.) nmo, 

" • " " " Part Two. (Turnbull.) nmo, 

* Palmer's Practical Test Book of Chemistry nmo, 

* Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.) . . . . nmo, 

* Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests. 

8vo, paper, 50 
Tables of Minerals, Including the Use of Minerals and Statistics of 

Domestic Production 8vo, 

Pictet's Alkaloids and their Chemical Constitution. (Biddle.) 8vo, 

Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 

Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
ence to Sanitary Water Analysis nmo, 

* Reisig's Guide to Piece-dyeing 8vo, 

Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint.. 8vo, 

Ricketts and Miller's Notes on Assaying 8vo, 

Rideal's Disinfection and the Preservation of Food 8vo, 

Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 

Riggs's Elementary Manual for the Chemical Laboratory 8vo, 

Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 

Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 

Whys in Pharmacy nmo, 

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Ruer's Elements of Metallography. (Mathewson). (In Preparation.) 

Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 

Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (Orndorff.) 8vo, 

Schimpf's Essentials of Volumetric Analysis i2mo, 

* Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vo, 

Text-book of Volumetric Analysis nrao, 

Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students 8vo, 

Spencer's Handbook for Cane Sugar Manufacturers i6mo, mor. 

Handbook for Chemists of Beet-sugar Houses i6mo, mor.. 

Stockbridge's Rocks and Soils 8vo, 

* Tillman's Descriptive General Chemistry 8vo, 

* Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, 

Treadwell's Qualitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 

Quantitative Analysis. (Hall.) 8vo, 

Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 

Van Deventer's Physical Chemistry for Beginners. (Boltwood.) nmo, 

Venable's Methods and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 

Ward and Whipple's Freshwater Biology. (In Press.) 

Ware's Beet-sugar Manufacture and Refining. Vol. I Small 8vo, 

Vol.11 Small8vo, 

Washington's Manual of the Chemical Analysis of Rocks 8vo, 

* Weaver's Military Explosives 8vo, 

Wells's Laboratory Guide in Qualitative Chemical Analysis 8vb, . 

Short Course in Inorganic Qualitative Chemical Analysis for Engineering 
Students • i2mo, 

Text-book of Chemical Arithmetic nmo, 

Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water 8vo, 

Wilson's Chlorination Process. i2mo 

Cyanide Processes nmo 

Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo 



CIVIL ENGINEERING. 

BRIDGES AND ROOFS. HYDRAULICS. MATERIALS OF ENGINEER- 
ING. RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 

Baker's Engineers' Surveying Instruments nmo, 

Bixby's Graphical Computing Table Paper 1.9^X24} inches. 

Breed and Hosmer's Principles and Practice of Surveying . 8vo, 

* Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 

Comstock's Field Astronomy for Engineers 8vo, 

* Corthell's Allowable Pressures on Deep Foundations 12 mo, 

Crandall's Text-book on Geodesy and Least Squares 8vo, 

Davis's Elevation and Stadia Tables 8vo, 

Elliott's Engineering for Land Drainage nmo, 

Practical Farm Drainage nmo, 

*Fiebeger's Treatise, on Civil Engineering 8vo, 

Flemer's Phototopographic Methods and Instruments, 8vo, 

Folwellls Sewerage. (Designing and Maintenance.) 8vo, 

Freitag's Architectural Engineering 8vo, 

French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 

Goodhue's Municipal Improvements nmo, 

Gore's Elements of Geodesy 8vo > 

* Hauch and Rice's Tables of Quantities for Preliminary Estimates l2mo, 

Hayford's Text-book of Geodetic Astronomy 8vo, 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. 

Howe's Retaining Walls for Earth nmo, 

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* Ives's Adjustments of the Engineer's Transit and Level i6mo, Bds. 25 

Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying i6mo, mor. 1 50 

Johnson's (J. B.) Theory and Practice of Surveying Small 8vo, 4 00 

Johnson's (L, J.) Statics by Algebraic and Graphic Methods 8vo, 2 00 

Kinnicutt, Winslow and Pratt's Purification of Sewage. (In Preparation). 
Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.) 

i2mo, 2 00 

Mahan's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 1 50 

Treatise on Civil Engineering. (1873.) (Wood.) 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's Elements of Precise Surveying and Geodesy 8vo, 2 50 

Merriman and Brooks's Handbook for Surveyors i6mo, mor. 2 00 

Morrison's Elements of Highway Engineering. (In Press.) 

Nugent's Plane Surveying 8vo, 3 50 

Ogden's Sewer Design nmo, 2 00 

Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse. 8vo, 2 00 

Patton's Treatise on Civil Engineering 8vo, half leather, 7 50 

Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 5 00 

Rideal's Sewage and the Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo, 4 00 

Riemer's Shaft-sinking under Difficult Conditions. (Corning and Peele.) . -8vo, 3 00 

Siebert and Biggin's Modern Stone-cutting and Masonry 8vo, 1 50 

Smith's Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 2 50 

Soper's Air and Ventilation of Subways. (In Press.) 

Tracy's Plane Surveying l6mo, mor. 3 00 

* Trautwine's Civil Engineer's Pocket-book , i6mo, mor. 5 00 

Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 2 00 

Methods and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 3 00 

Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 6 00 

Sheep, 6 50 

Law of Contracts 8vo, 3 00 

Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
tecture 8vo, 5 00 

Sheep, 5 50 

Warren's Stereotomy — Problems in Stone-cutting 8vo, 2 50 

* Waterbury's Vest-Pocket Hand-book of Mathematics for Engineers. 

2^X5! inches, mor. 1 00 
Webb's Problems in the Use and Adjustment of Engineering Instruments. 

i6mo, mor. 1 25 

Wilson's Topographic Surveying 8vo, 3 50 

BRIDGES AND ROOFS. 

Boiler's Practical Treatise on the Construction of Iron Highway Bridges. .8vo, 2 00 

Burr and Falk's Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges 8vo, 5 00 

Influence Lines for Bridge and Roof Computations 8vo, 3 00 

Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. II Small 4to, 10 00 

Foster's Treatise on Wooden Trestle Bridges 4to, 5 00 

Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 

French and Ives's Stereotomy 8vo, 2 50 

Greene's Arches in Wood, Iron, and Stone. 8vo, 2 50 

Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 

Roof Trusses. „ 8vo, 1 25 

Grimm's Secondary Stresses in Bridge Trusses 8vo, 2 50 

Heller's Stresses in Structures and the Accompanyin Deformations 8vo, 

Howe's Design of Simple Roof- trusses in Wood and Steel 8vo, 2 00 

Symmetrical Masonry Arches 8vo, 2 50 

Treatise on Arches 8vo, 4 00 

Johnson, Bryan, and Turneaure's Theory and Practice in the Designing of 

Modern Framed Structures Small 4to, 10 00 

7 



Merriman and Jacoby's Text-book on Roofs and Bridges: 

Part I. Stresses in Simple Trusses 8vo, 2 50 

Part II. Graphic Statics 8vo, 2 50 

Part III. Bridge Design 8vo, 2 50 

Part IV. Higher Structures 8vo, 2 50 

Morison's Memphis Bridge Oblong 4to, 10 00 

Sondericker's Graphic Statics, with Applications to Trusses, Beams, and Arches. 

8vo, 2 00 

Waddell's De Pontibus, Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers i6mo, mor, 2 00 

* Specifications for Steel Bridges i2mo, 50 

Waddell and Harrington's Bridge Engineering. (In Preparation.) 

Wright's Designing of Draw-spans. Two parts in one volume 8vo, 3 50 



HYDRAULICS. 

Barnes's Ice Formation 8vo, 3 00 

Bazin's Experiments upon the Contraction of the Liquid Vein Issuing from 

an Orifice. (Trautwine.) 8vo, 2 00 

Bovey's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00 

Church's Diagrams of Mean Velocity of Water in Open Channels. 

Oblong 4to, paper, • 1 50 

Hydraulic Motors 8vo, 2 00 

Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Coffin's Graphical Solution of Hydraulic Problems i6mo, morocco, 2 50 

Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power nmo, 3 00 

Folwell's Water-supply Engineering 8vo, 4 00 

Frizell's Water-power 8vo, 5 00 

Fuertes's Water and Public Health nmo, 1 50 

Water-filtration Works nmo, 2 50 

Ganguillet and Kutter's General Formula for the Uniform Flow of Water in 

Rivers and Other Channels. (Hering and Trautwine.) 8vo, 4 00 

Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It Large l2mo, 1 5o 

Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 3 00 

Hazlehurst's Towers and Tanks for Water- works 8vo, 2 50 

Herschel's 115 Experiments on the Carrying Capacity of Large, Riveted, Metal 

Conduits 8vo, 2 00 

Hoyt and Grover's River Discharge 8vo, 2 00 

Hubbard and Kiersted's Water- works Management and Maintenance 8vo, 4 00 

* Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribution of Water Power. . . .8vo, 3 00 
Mason's Water-supply. (Considered Principally from a Sanitary Standpoint.) 

8vo, 4 00 

Merriman's Treatise on Hydraulics 8vo, 5 00 

* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Molitor's Hydraulics of Rivers, Weirs and Sluices. 1 In Press.) 

Schuyler's Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water-power, and Domestic Water- 
supply Large 8vo, 5 00 

* Thomas and Watt's Improvement of Rivers 4to, 6 00 

Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies 8vo, 5 00 

Wegmann's Design and Construction of Dams. 5th Ed., enlarged 410, 6 00 

Water-supply of the City of New York from 1658 to 1895 410, 10 00 

Whipple's Value of Pure Water Large nmo, 1 00 

Williams and Hazen's Hydraulic Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Wilson's Irrigation Engineering Small 8vo, 4 00 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

Turbines 8vo, 2 50 



MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

Baker's Roads and Pavements 8vo, 5 00 

Treatise on Masonry Construction 8vo, 5 00 

Birkmire's Architectural Iron and Steel. 8vo, 3 50 

Compound Riveted Girders as Applied in Buildings 8vo, 2 00 

Black's United States Public Works Oblong 4to, 5 00 

Bleininger's Manufacture of Hydraulic Cement. (In Preparation.) 

* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 7 50 

Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 7 50 

Byrne's Highway Construction 8vo, 5 00 

Inspection of the Materials and Workmanship Employed in Construction. 

i6mo, 3 00 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Du Bois's Mechanics of Engineering. 

Vol. I. Kinematics, Statics, Kinetics Small 4to, 7 50 

Vol. II. The Stresses in Framed Structures, Strength of Materials and 

Theory of Flexures Small 4to, 10 00 

♦Eckel's Cements, Limes, and Plasters 8vo, 6 00 

Stone and Clay Products used in Engineering. (In Preparation.) 

Fowler's Ordinary Foundations 8vo, 3 50 

Graves's Forest Mensuration 8vo, 4 00 

Green's Principles of American Forestry nmo, 1 50 

* Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 

Holly and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments and Varnishes 

Large i2mo, 2 50 

Johnson's Materials of Construction Large 8vo, 6 00 

Keep's Cast Iron , 8vo, 2 50 

Kidder's Architects and Builders' Pocket-book i6mo, 5 00 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 50 

Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles . . nmo, 2 00 

Martens's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 2 vols 8vo, 7 50 

Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo, 5 00 

Merriman's, Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00 

* Strength of Materials nmo, 1 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users nmo, 2 00 

Patton's Practical Treatise on Foundations 8vo, 5 00 

Rice's Concrete Block Manufacture 8vo, 2 00 

Richardson's Modern Asphalt Pavements 8vo, 3 00 

Richey's Handbook for Superintendents of Construction i6mo, mor., 4 00 

* Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 00 

Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 00 

* Schwarz's Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest., i2mo, 1 25 

Snow's Principal Species of Wood 8vo, 3 50 

Spalding's Hydraulic Cement • I2m <>. 2 °° 

Text-book on Roads and Pavements i2mo, 2 00 

Taylor and Thompson's Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced 8vo, 5 00 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 00 

Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering and Metallurgy 8vo, 2 00 

Part II. Iron and Steel • 8v0 » 3 5<> 

Part ni. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo » 2 50 

Tillson's Street Pavements and Paving Materials 8vo, 4 00 

Turneaure and Maurer's Principles of Reinforced Concrete Construction.. .8vo, 3 00 
Wood's (De V.) Treatise on the Resistance of Materials, and an Appendix on 

the Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 00 

Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and 

Steel 8v0 » 4 00 

9 



RAILWAY ENGINEERING. 

Andrews's Handbook for Street Railway Engineers 3x3 inches, mor. i 25 

Berg's Buildings and Structures of American Railroads 4to, 5 00 

Brooks's Handbook of Street Railroad Location. i6mo, mor. 1 50 

Butt's Civil Engineer's Field-book i6mo, mor. 2 50 

Crandall's Railway and Other Earthwork Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Transition Curve i6mo, mor. 1 50 

* Crockett's Methods for Earthwork Computations 8vo, 1 50 

Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book i6mo. mor. 5 00 

Dredge's History of the Pennsylvania Railroad: 1 1879 1 Paper, 5 00 

Fisher's Table of Cubic Yards Cardboard, 25 

Godwin's Railroad Engineers' Field-book and Explorers' Guide. . . i6mo, mor. 2 50 
Hudson's Tables for Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Em- 
bankments 8vo, 1 00 

Ives and Hilts's Problems in Surveying, Railroad Surveying and Geodesy 

i6mo, mor. 1 50 

Molitor and Beard's Manual for Resident Engineers i6«no, 1 00 

Nagle's Field Manual for Railroad Engineers i6mo, mor. 3 00 

Philbrick's Field Manual for Engineers. i6mo, mor. 3 00 

Raymond's Railroad Engineering. 3 volumes. 

Vol. I. Railroad Field Geometry. In Preparation.) 

Vol. II. Elements of Railroad Engineering 8vo, .3 50 

Vol. III. Railroad Engineer's Field Book, vln Preparation.) 

Searles's Field Engineering i6mo, mor. 3 00 

Railroad Spiral. i6mo, mor. 1 50 

Taylor's Prismoidal Formulae and Earthwork 8vo, 1 50 

*Trautwine's Field Practice of Laying Out Circular Curves for Railroads. 

i2mo. mor, 2 30 

* Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excavations and Embank- 

ments by the Aid of Diagrams 8vo, 2 00 

Webb's Economics of Railroad Construction Large i2mo, 2 50 

Railroad Construction i6mo, mor. 5 00 

Wellington's Economic Theory of the Location of Railways Small 8vo, 5 00 

DRAWING. 

Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 

* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

* " " " Abridged Ed ' 8vo, 

Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, 

Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical Engi- 
neers Oblong 4to, 

Durley's Kinematics of Machines 8vo, 

Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, 

Hill's Text-book on Shades and Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 

Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Jones's Machine Design: 

Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 

Part H. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 

MacCord's Elements of Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 

Kinematics ; or, Practical Mechanism. 8vo, 

Mechanical Drawing 4to, 

Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 

McLeod's Descriptive Geometry Large i2mo, 

* Mahan's Descriptive Geometry and Stone-cutting 8vo, 

Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 

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Moyer's Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 

Reed's Topographical Drawing and Sketching 4to, 

Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 

Smith's (R. S.) Manual of Topographical Drawing. (McMillan.) 8vo, 

Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design 8vo, 

* Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, 

Warren's Drafting Instruments and Operations nmo, 

Elements of Descriptive Geometry, Shadows, and Perspective 8vo, 

Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 

Elements of Plane and Solid Free-hand Geometrical Drawing. . . . i .2mo, 

General Problems of Shades and Shadows 8vo, 

Manual of Elementary Problems in the Linear Perspective of Form and 

Shadow i2mo, 

Manual of Elementary Projection Drawing i2mo, 

Plane Problems in Elementary Geometry nmo, 

. Problems, Theorems, and Examples in Descriptive Geometry 8vo, 

Weisbach's Kinematics and Power of Transmission. (Hermann and 
Klein.) 8vo, 

Wilson's (H. M.) Topographic Surveying 8vo, 

Wilson's (V. T.) Free-hand Lettering 8vo, 

Free-hand Perspective 8vo, 

Woolf's Elementary Course in Descriptive Geometry Large 8vo, 

ELECTRICITY AND PHYSICS. 

* Abegg's Theory of Electrolytic Dissociation, (von Ende.) .i2mo, 

Andrews's Hand-Book for Street Railway Engineering 3X5 inches, mor., 

Anthony and Brackett's Text-book of Physics. (Magie.) Large i2mo, 

Anthony's Lecture-notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements. . . . nmo, 
Benjamin's History of Electricity 8vo, 

Voltaic Cell 8vo, 

Betts's Lead Refining and Electrolysis 8vo, 

Classen's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Electrolysis. (Boltwood.).8vo, 

* Collins's Manual of Wireless Telegraphy.. . . nmo, 

Mor. 
Crehore and Squier's Polarizing Photo-chronograph 8vo, 

* Danneel's Electrochemistry. (Merriam.) nmo, 

Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book i6mo, mor 

Dolezalek's Theory of the Lead Accumulator (Storage Battery), (von Ende. ) 

i2mo, 

Duhem's Thermodynamics and Chemistry. (Burgess.) 8vo, 

Flather's Dynamometers, and the Measurement of Power nmo, 

Gilbert's De Magnete. (Mottelay.) 8vo, 

* Hanchett's Alternating Currents nmo, 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor. 

Hobart and Ellis's High-speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.) 
Holman's Precision of Measurements 8vo, 

Telescopic Mirror-scale Method, Adjustments, and Tests. . . .Large 8vo, 

* Karapetoff's Experimental Electrical Engineering 8vo, 

Kinzbrunner's Testing of Continuous-current Machines 8vo, 

Landauer's Spectrum Analysis. (Tingle.) 8vo, 

Le Chateher's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) nmo, 
Lob's Electrochemistry of Organic Compounds. (Lorenz.) 8vo, 

* Lyndon's Development and Electrical Distribntion of Water Power . . . .8vo, 

* Lyons's Treatise on Electromagnetic Phenomena. Vols. I. and II. 8vo, each, 

* Michie's Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light 8vo, 

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Morgan's Outline of the Theory of Solution and its Results nmo, 

* Physical Chemistry for Electrical Engineers i2mo, 

Niaudet's Elementary Treatise en Electric Batteries. Fishback). . . .nmo, 

* Norris's Introduction to the Study of Electrical Engineering 8vo, 

* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design 4to, half morocco, : 

Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. 

Large 12 mo, 

* Rosenberg's Electrical Engineering. Haldane Gee— Kinzbrunner. ). . . 8vo, 

Ryan, Norris, and Hoxie's Electrical Machinery. VoL 1 8vo, 

Swapper's Laboratory Guide for Students in Physical Chemistry nmo, 

Thurston's Stationary Steam-engines. 8vo, 

* Tillman's Elementary Lessons in Heat 8vo, 

Tory and Pitcher's Manual of Laboratory Physics. Large nmo, 

'Jibe's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining Svo, 

LAW. 

* Davis's Elements of Law 8vo, 

* Treatise on the Military Law of United States. 8vo, 

* Sheep, 

* Dudley's Military Law and the Procedure of Courts-martial . . . .Large nmo, 

Manual for Courts-m a rtiaL i6mo, mor. 

Wait's Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence 8vo, 

Sheep, 

Law of Contracts 8vo, 

Law of Operations Preliminary to Construction in Engineering and Archi- 
tecture 8vo 

Sheep, 

MATHEMATICS. 

Baker's Elliptic Functions 8vo, 

Briggs's Elements of Plane Analytic Geometrv. (Bocher 1 nmo, 

* Buchanan's Plane and Spherical Trigonometry 8vo, 

Byerley's Harmonic Functions 8vo, 

Chandler's Elements of the Infinitesimal Calculus i2mo, 

Compton's Manual of Logarithmic Computations nmo, 

Davis's Introduction to the Logic of Algebra Svo, 

* Dickson's College Algebra Large nmo, 

* Introduction to the Theory of Algebraic Equations Large nmo, 

Emch's Introduction to Projective Geometry and its Applications 8vo, 

5 Functions of a Complex Variable Svo, 

Halsted's Elementary Synthetic Geometry „ 8vo, 

Elements of Geometry 8vo, 

* Rational Geometry nmo, 

Hyde's Grassmann's Space Analysis 8vo, 

* Jonnson's \J- B.) Three-place Logarithmic Tables: Vest-pocket size, paper, 

100 co? 

* Mounted on heavy cardboard, 8 X 10 inches, 

10 copies, 

Johnson's ( W. W.1 Abridged Editions or Differential and Integral Calculus 

Large nmo, 1 voL 

Curve Tracing in Cartesian Co-ordinates nmo, 

Differential Equations 8vo, 

Elementary Treatise ^n Differential Calculus. (In Press.') 

Elementary Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large 12 mo, 

* Theoretical Mechanics nmo, 

Theory of Errors and the Method of Least Squares nmo, 

Treatise on Differential Calculus Large nmo, 

Treatise on the Integral Calculus Large nmo, 

Treatise on Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. . Large nmo, 

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.Laplace's Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. (Truscott and Emory.)- i2mo, 2 00 

* Ludlow and Bass's Elements of Trigonometry and Logarithmic and Other 

Tables 8vo, 3 00 

Trigonometry and Tables published separately Each, 2 00 

* Ludlow's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 8vo, 1 00 

Macfarlane's Vector Analysis and Quaternions 8vo, 1 00 

McMahon's Hyperbolic Functions 8vo, 1 00 

Manning's IrrationalNumbers and their Representation bySequences and Series 

i2mo, 1 25 
Mathematical Monographs. Edited by Mansfield Merriman and Robert 

S. Woodward Octavo, each 1 00 

No. 1. History of Modern Mathematics, by David Eugene Smith. 
No. 2. Synthetic Projective Geometry, by George Bruce Halsted. 
No. 3. Determinants, by Laenas Gifford Weld. No. 4. Hyper- 
bolic Functions, by James McMahon. Ko. 5. Harmonic Func- 
tions, by William E. Byerly. No. 6. Grassmann's Space Analysis, 
by Edward W. Hyde. No. 7. Probability and Theory of Errors, 
by Robert S. Woodward. No. 8. Vector Analysis and Quaternions, 
by Alexander Macfarlane. No. 9. Differential Equations, by 
William Woolsey Johnson. No. 10. The Solution of Equations, 
by Mansfield Merriman. No. n. Functions of a Complex Variable, 
by Thomas S. Fiske. 

Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Meniman's Method of Least Squares . 8vo, 2 00 

Solution of Equations 8vo, 1 00 

Rice and Johnson's Differential and Integral Calculus. 2 vols, in one. 

Large i2mo, 1 50 

Elementary Treatise on the Differential Calculus Large i2mo, 3 00 

Smith's History of Modern Mathematics 8vo, 1 00 

* "Veblen and Lennes's Introduction to the Real Infinitesimal Analysis of One 

Variable 8vo, 2 00 

* Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand-Book of Mathematics for Engineers. 

2iX5t inches, mor., 1 00 

Weld's Determinations 8vo, 1 00 

Wood's Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry 8vo, 2 00 

Woodward's Probability and Theory of Errors. 8vo, 1 00 

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING, STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

Bacon's Forge Practice i2mo, 1 50 

Baldwin's Steam Heating for Buildings i2mo, 2 50 

Barr's Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 2 50 

* Bartlett's Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 3 00 

* " " " Abridged Ed 8vo, 1 50 

Benjamin's Wrinkles and Recipes i2mo, 2 00 

* Burr's Ancient and Modern Engineering and the Isthmian Canal 8vo, 3 50 

Carpenter's Experimental Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Heating and Ventilating Buildings 8vo, 4 00 

Clerk's Gas and Oil Engine Large i2mo, 4 00 

Compton's First Lessons in Metal Working i2mo, 1 50 

Compton and De Groodt's Speed Lathe l2mo, 1 50 

Coolidge's Manual of Drawing 8vo, paper, 1 00 

Coolidge and Freeman's Elements of General Drafting for Mechanical En- 
gineers Oblong 4to, 2 50 

Cromwell's Treatise on Belts and Pulleys i2mo, 1 50 

Treatise on Toothed Gearing i2mo, 1 50 

Darky's Kinematics of Machines , . . . 8vo, 4 00 

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Flather's Dynamometers and the Measurement of Power i2mo, 

Rope Driving i2mo, 

Gill's Gas and Fuel Analysis for Engineers i2mo, 

Goss'-, Locomotive Sparks 8vo, 

Hall's Car Lubrication i2mo, 

Hering's Ready Reference Tables (Conversion Factors) i6mo, mor., 

Hobart and Eliis's High Speed Dynamo Electric Machinery. (In Press.) 

Hutton's Gas Engine 8vo, 

Jamison's Advanced Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Elements of Mechanical Drawing . . . 8vo, 

Jones's Machine Design: 

Part I. Kinematics of Machinery 8vo, 

Part II. Form, Strength, and Proportions of Parts 8vo, 

Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-book i6mo, mor., 

Kerr's Power and Power Transmission 8vo, 

Leonard's Machine Shop Tools and Methods) 8vo, 

* Loreuz's Modern Refrigerating Machinery. (Pope, Haven, and Dean.) . . 8vo, 
MacCord's Kinematics; or, Practical Mechanism. 8vo, 

Mechanical Drawing 4to, 

Velocity Diagrams 8vo, 

MacFarland's Standard Reduction Factors for Gases 8vo, 

Mahan's Industrial Drawing. (Thompson.) 8vo, 

* Parshall and Hobart's Electric Machine Design . . . Small 4to, half leather, 1-2 
Peele's Compressed Air Plant for Mines. (In Press.) 
Poole's Calorific Power of Fuels 8vo, 

* Porter's Engineering Reminiscences, 1855 to 1882 8vo, 

Reid's Course in Mechanical Drawing 8vo, 

Text-book of Mechanical Drawing and Elementary Machine Design. 8vo, 

Richard's Compressed Air i2mo, 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism . .8vo, 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism . . .8vo, 

Smith's (O.) Press-working of Metals 8vo, 

Smith (A. W.) and Marx's Machine Design . 8vo, 

Sorel's Carbureting and Combustion in Alcohol Engines. (Woodward and 

Preston.) Large i2mo, 3 00 

Thurston's Animal as a Machine and Prime Motor, and the Laws of Energetics. 

i2mo 1 00 
Treatise on Friction and Lost Work in Machinery and Mill Work... 8vo 3 3 00 

Tillson's Complete Automobile Instructor i6mo, 1 50 

mor., 2 00 

* Titsworth's Elements of Mechanical Drawing Oblong 8vo, 1 25 

Warren's Elements of Machine Construction and Drawing 8vo, 7 50 

* Waterbury's Vest Pocket Hand Book of Mathematics for Engineers. 

2|X 5s inches, mor., 1 00 
Weisbach's Kinematics and the Power of Transmission. (Herrmann — 

Klein. ) 8vo, 5 00 

Machinery of Transmission and Governors. (Herrmann — Klein.). .Svo, 5 00 

Wolff's Windmill as a Prime Mover 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Turbines. ...» 8vo, 2 50 

MATERIALS OF ENGINEERING. 

* Bovey's Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures 8vo, 

Burr's Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineering 8vo, 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 

* Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 

Holley and Ladd's Analysis of Mixed Paints, Color Pigments, and Varnishes. 

Large i2mo, 

Johnson's Materials of Construction 8vo, 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 

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Maire's Modern Pigments and their Vehicles nmo, 2 00 

Martens 's Handbook on Testing Materials. (Henning.) 8vo, 7 50 

Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Merriman's Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00 

* Strength of Materials nmo, 1 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users i2mo, 2 00 

Sabin's Industrial and Artistic Technology of Paints and Varnish 8vo, 3 00 

Smith's Materials of Machines nmo, 1 00 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering 3 vols., 8vo, 8 00 

Part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering, see Civil Engineering, 
page 9. 

Part II. Iron and Steel 8vo, 3 50 

Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo, 2 50 

Wood's (De V.) Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

Treatise on the Resistance of Materials and an Appendix on the 

Preservation of Timber 8vo, 2 00 

Wood's (M. P.) Rustless Coatings: Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron and 

Steel 8vo, 4 00 



STEAM-ENGINES AND BOILERS. 

Berry's Temperature-entropy Diagram nmo, 1 25 

Carnot's Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat. (Thurston.) i2mo, 1 50 

Chase's Art of Pattern Making i2mo, 2 50 

Creighton's Steam-engine and other Heat-motors 8vo, 5 00 

Dawson's "Engineering" and Electric Traction Pocket-book. . . .i6mo, mor., 5 00 

Ford's Boiler Making for Boiler Makers i8mo, 1 00 

Goss's Locomotive Performance 8vo, 5 00 

Hemenway's Indicator Practice and Steam-engine Economy nmo, 2 00 

Hutton's Heat and Heat-engines 8vo, 5 00 

Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants 8vo, 5 00 

Kent's Steam boiler Economy 8vo, 4 00 

Kneass's Practice and Theory of the Injector 8vo, 1 50 

MacCord's Slide-valves 8vo, 2 00 

Meyer's Modern Locomotive Construction 4to, 10 00 

Moyer's Steam Turbines. (Tn Press.) 

Peabody's Manual of the Steam-engine Indicator nmo, 1 50 

Tables of the Properties of Saturated Steam and Other Vapors, 8vo, 1 00 

Thermodynamics of the Steam-engine and Other Heat-engines 8vo, 5 00 

Valve-gears for Steam-engines 8vo, 2 50 

Peabody and Miller's Steam-boilers 8vo, 4 00 

Pray's Twenty Years with the Indicator Large 8vo, 2 50 

Pupin's Thermodynamics of Reversible Cycles in Gases and Saturated Vapors. 

(Osterberg.) nmo, 1 2g 

Reagan's Locomotives: Simple, Compound, and Electric. New Edition. 

Large nmo, 3 50 

Sinclair's Locomotive Engine Running and Management 12 mo, 2 00 

Smart's Handbook of Engineering Laboratory Practice nmo, 2 50 

Snow's Steam-boiler Practice .8vo, 3 00 

Spangler's Notes on Thermodynamics nmo, 1 00 

Valve-gears 8vo, 2 50 

Spangler, Greene, and Marshall's Elements of Steam-engineering 8vo, 3 00 

Thomas's Steam-turbines 8vo, 4 00 

Thurston's Handbook of Engine and Boiler Trials, and the Use of the Indi- 
cator and the Prony Brake 8vo, 5 00 

Handy Tables 8vo, 1 50 

Manual of Steam-boilers, their Designs, Construction, and Operation.. 8vo, 5 00 

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Thurston's Manual of the Steam-engine 2 vols., 8vo, 10 00 

Part L History, Structure, and Theory 8vo, 6 00 

Part IL Design, Construction, and Operation 8vo, 6 00 

Stationary Steam-engines. 8vo, 2 50 

Steam-boiler Explosions in Theory and in Practice 12mo, 1 50 

Wehrenfenning's Analysis and Softening of Boiler Feed-water (Patterson) 8vo, 4 00 

Weisbach's Heat, Steam, and Steam-engines. (Du Bois. ) 8vo, 5 00 

Whitham's Steam-engine Design 8vo, 5 00 

Wood's Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, and Refrigerating Machines. . .8vo, 4 00 

MECHAIHCS PURE AND APPLIED. 

Church's Mechanics of Engineering 8vo, 6 00 

Notes and Examples in Mechanics 8vo, 2 00 

Dana's Text-book of Elementary Mechanics for Colleges and Schools, .nmo, 1 50 
Du Bois's Elementary Principles of Mechanics: 

Vol. I. Kinematics 8vo, 3 50 

Vol. H. Statics 8vo, 4 00 

Mechanics of Engineering. Vol. I Small 4to, 7 50 

VoL H Small 4to, 10 00 

* Greene's Structural Mechanics 8vo, 2 50 

James's Kinematics of a Point and the Rational Mechanics of a Particle. 

Large 12 mo, .2 00 

* Johnson's (W. W.) Theoretical Mechanics 12mo, 3 00 

Lanza's Applied Mechanics 8vo, 7 5° 

* Martin's Text Book on Mechanics, VoL I, Statics 12mo, 1 25 

* Vol. 2, Kinematics and Kinetics . .i2mo, 1 50 
Maurer's Technical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

* Merriman's Elements of Mechanics 12mo, 1 00 

Mechanics of Materials 8vo, 5 00 

* Michie's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 4 00 

Robinson's Principles of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00 

Sanborn's Mechanics Problems Large 12mo, 1 50 

Schwamb and Merrill's Elements of Mechanism 8vo, 3 00 

Wood's Elements of Analytical Mechanics 8vo, 3 00 

Principles of Elementary Mechanics , 12mo, I 25 

MEDICAL. 

Abderhalden's Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures. (Hall and Defren). 

(In Press . 
von Behring's Suppression of Tuberculosis. (Bolduan. ) i2mo, 

* Bolduan's Immune Sera i2mo, 

Davenport's Statistical Methods with Special Reference to Biological Varia- 
tions i6mo, mor., 

Ehrlich's Collected Studies on Immunity. (Bolduan.) 8vo, 

* Fischer's Physiology of Alimentation Large i2mo, cloth, 

de Fursac's Manual of Psychiatry. (.Rosanoff and Collins.) Large i2mo, 

Hammarsten's Text-book on Physiological Chemistry. (MandeL) 8vo, 

Jackson's Directions ror Laboratory Work in Physiological Chemistry. ..8vo, 

Lassar-Cohn's Practical Urinary Analysis. (Lorenz.) i2mo, 

Mandel's Hand Book for the Bio-Chemical Laboratory i2mo, 

* Pauli's Physical Chemistry in the Service of Medicine. (Fischer.) . . . . i2mo, 

* Pozzi-Escot's Toxins and Venoms and their Antibodies. (Conn.) i2mo, 

Rostoski's Serum Diagnosis. Bolduan.) i2mo, 

Ruddiman's Incompatibilities in Prescriptions 8vo, 

Whys in Pharmacy i2mo, 

Salkowski's Physiological and Pathological Chemistry. (.Orndorff.) 8vo, 

* Satterlee's Outlines of Human Embryology i2mo, 

Smith's Lecture Notes on Chemistry for Dental Students 8vo, 

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Steel's Treatise on the Diseases of the Dog 8vo, 3 50 

* Whipple's Typhoid Fever Large nmo, 3 00 

Woodhull's Notes on Military Hygiene i6mo, 1 50 

* Personal Hygiene nmo, 1 00 

Worcester and Atkinson's Small Hospitals Establishment and Maintenance, 

and Suggestions for Hospital Architecture, with Plans for a Small 

Hospital i2mo, 1 25 

METALLURGY. 

Betts's Lead Refining by Electrolysis 8vo. 4 00 

Bolland's Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry Terms Used 

in the Practice of Moulding 12mo, 3 00 

Iron Founder 12mo. 2 50 

' ' Supplement i2mo, 2 50 

Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, 1 00 

Goesel's Minerals and Metals: A Reference Book , . . . . i6mo, mor. 3 00 

* Iles's Lead-smelting 12mo, 2 50 

Keep's Cast Iron 8vo, 2 50 

Le Chatelier's High-temperature Measurements. (Boudouard — Burgess.) 12mo, 3 00 

Metcalf's Steel. A Manual for Steel-users 12mo, 2 00 

Miller's Cyanide Process 12mo 1 00 

Minet's Production of Aluminum and its Industrial Use. (Waldo.)... . 12mo, 2 50 

Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 4 00 

Ruer's Elements of Metallography. (Mathewson). (In Press.) 

Smith's Materials of Machines 12mo, 1 co 

Thurston's Materials of Engineering. In Three Parts 8vo, 8 00 

part I. Non-metallic Materials of Engineering, see Civil Engineering, 
page o. 

Part II. Iron and Steel .8vo, 3 50 

Part III. A Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes, and Other Alloys and their 

Constituents 8vo, 2 50 

Ulke's Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining 8vo, 3 00 

West's American Foundry Practice i2mo, 2 50 

Moulders Text Book 12mo, 2 50 

Wilson's Chlorination Process 12mo, 1 50 

Cyanide Processes 12mo, 1 50 

MINERALOGY. 

Barringer's Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. Oblong, morocco, 2 50 

Boyd's Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo 3 00 

Boyd's Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form. 2 00 

* Browning's Introduction to the Rarer Elements 8vo, 1 50 

Brush's Manual of Determinative Mineralogy. (Penfield.) 8vo, 4 00 

Butler's Pocket Hand-Book of Minerals 16mo, mor. 3 00 

Chester's Catalogue of Minerals 8vo, paper, 1 00 

Cloth, 1 25 
Crane's Gold and Silver. (In Press.) 

Dana's First Appendix to Dana's New " System of Mineralogy. ." . .Large 8vo, 1 00 

Manual of Mineralogy and Petrography nmo 2 00 

Minerals and How to Study Them nmo. 1 50 

System of Mineralogy Large 8vo, half leather, 12 50 

Text-book of Mineralogy 8vo, 4 00 

Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, 1 00 

Eakle's Mineral Tables - 8vo, 1 25 

Stone and Clay Froducts Used in Engineering. (In Preparation). 

Egleston's Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms 8vo, 2 50 

Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mO, mor. 3 00 

Groth's Introduction to Chemical Crystallography (Marshall) i2mo, 1 25 

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* Iddings's Rock Minerals gvo 

Johannsen's Determination of Rock-forming Minerals in Thin Sections 8vo, 

* Martin's Laboratory Guide to Qualitative Analysis with the Blowpipe. lamo, 
Merrill's Non-metallic Minerals: Their Occurrence and Uses 8vo, 

Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo 

* Penfield's Notes on Determinative Mineralogy and Record of Mineral Tests.' 

8vo, paper, 50 
Tables of Minerals, Including the Use of Minerals and Statistics of 

Domestic Production 8vo, 1 00 

Pirsson's Rocks and Rock Minerals. (In Press.) 

* Richards's Synopsis of Mineral Characters i2mo, mor. 125 

* Ries's Clays: Their Occurrence, Properties, and Uses 8vo, 5 00 

* Tillman's Text-book of Important Minerals and Rocks 8vo, 2 



MINING. 

* Beard's Mine Gases and Explosions Large i2mo, 

Boyd's Map of Southwest Virginia Pocket-book form, 

Resources of Southwest Virginia 8vo, 

Crane's Gold and Silver. (In Press.) 

Douglas's Untechnical Addresses on Technical Subjects i2mo, 

Eissler's Modern High Explosives « 8vo, 

Goesel's Minerals and Metals : A Reference Book i6mo, mor^ 

Ihlseng's Manual of Mining 8vo, 

* Ues's Lead-smelting i2mo, 

Miller's Cyanide Process i2mo, 

O'Driscoll's Notes on the Treatment of Gold Ores 8vo, 

Peele's Compressed Air Plant for Mines. (In Press.) 

Riemer's Shaft Sinking Under Difficult Conditions. (Corning and Peele) . . . 8vo, 
Robine and Lenglen's Cyanide Industry. (Le Clerc.) 8vo, 

* Weaver's Military Explosives .8vo, 

Wilson's Chlorination Process 121110, 

Cyanide Processes • i2mo, 

Hydraulic and Placer Mining. 2d edition, rewritten nmo, 

Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Mine Ventilation T2mo, 

SANITARY SCIENCE. 

Association of State and National Pood and Dairy Departments, Hartford Meeting, 

1906 8vo, 

Jamestown Meeting, 1907 .' 8vo, 

* Bashore's Outlines of Practical Sanitation 12mo, 

Sanitation of a Country House 12mo t 

Sanitation of Recreation Camps and Parks 12mo, 

Folwell's Sewerage. (Designing, Construction, and Maintenance.) 8vo, 

Water-supply Engineering gvo, 

Fowler's Sewage Works Analyses 12mo, 

Fuertes's Water-filtration Works 12mo, 

Water and Public Health 12mo, 

Gerhard's Guide to Sanitary House-inspection 16mo, 

* Modern Baths and Bath Houses 8vo, 

Sanitation of Public Buildings 12mo, 

Hazen's Clean Water and How to Get It Large i2mo, 

Filtration of Public Water-supplies 8vo, 

Kinnicut, Winslow and Pratt's Purification of Sewage. (In Press.) 

Leach's Inspection and Analysis of Food with Special Reference to State 

Control 8vo, 

Mason's Examination of Water. (Chemical and Bacteriological) 12mo, 

Water-supply. (Considered principally from a Sanitary Standpoint) . . 8vo, 

18 



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2 


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50 


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4 


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* Merriman's Elements of Sanitary Engineering 8vo, 

Ogden's Sewer Design 12mo, 

Parsons's Disposal of Municipal Refuse 8vo, 

Prescott and Winslow's Elements of Water Bacteriology, with Special Refer- 
ence to Sanitary Water Analysis l2mo, 

* Price's Handbook on Sanitation 12mo, 

Richards's Cost of Food. A Study in Dietaries 12mo, 

Cost of Living as Modified by Sanitary Science 12mo, 

Cost of Shelter . . 12mo, 

* Richards and Williams's Dietary Computer 8vo, 

Richards and Woodman's Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Stand- 
point 8vo, 

Rideal's Disinfection and the Preservation of Food 8vo, 

Sewage and Bacterial Purification of Sewage 8vo , 

Soper's Air and Ventilation of Subways. (In Press.) 

Turneaure and Russell's Public Water-supplies. 8vo, 

Venable's Garbage Crematories in America 8vo, 

Method and Devices for Bacterial Treatment of Sewage 8vo, 

Ward and Whipple ' s Freshwater Biology . ( In Press. ) 

Whipple's Microscopy of Drinking-water . 8vo, 

* Typhod Fever Large l2mo, 

Value of Pure Water Large 12mo, 

Winton's Microscopy of Vegetable Foods 8vo, 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Emmons's Geological Guide-book of the Rocky Mountain Excursion of the 

International Congress of Geologists Large 8vo, 

Ferrel's Popular Treatise on the Winds 8vo, 

Fitzgerald's Boston Machinist i8mo, 

Gannett's Statistical Abstract of the World 24mo, 

Haines's American Railway Management 12mo, 

* Hanusek's The Microscopy of Technical Products. (Winton) 8vo, 

Ricketts's History of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( 1824-1894. 

Large i2mo, 

Rotherham's Emphasized New Testament Large 8vo, 

Standage's Decoration of Wood, Glass, Metal, etc l2mo, 

Thome's Structural and Physiological Botany. (Bennett) l6mo, 

Westermaier's Compendium of General Botany. (Schneider) 8vo, 

Winslow's Elements of Applied Microscopy 12mo, 



HEBREW AND CHALDEE TEXT-BOOKS. 

Green's Elementary Hebrew Grammar i2mo, 1 25 

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures. 

(Tregelles.) Small 4to, half morocco, 5 00 

19 



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APR 22 1909 



